Trask's historical linguistics

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of illustrations = ix
• To the reader = xii
• To the teacher = xiv
• Acknowledgements = xvi
• Abbreviations = xviii
• 1 The fact of language change = 1
• 1.1 Chilled = 1
• 1.2 English then and now = 2
• 1.3 Attitudes to language change = 6
• 1.4 The inevitability of change = 10
• Case study : bonk! = 11
• Further reading = 13
• Exercises = 14
• 2 Lexical and semantic change = 16
• 2.1 Borrowing = 16
• 2.2 Phonological treatment of loans = 21
• 2.3 Morphological treatment of loans = 24
• 2.4 Formation of new words = 26
• 2.5 Change in word-meaning = 32
• Case study : nice = 41
• Further reading = 44
• Exercises = 44
• 3 Phonological change�� : change in pronunciation = 48
• 3.1 The phonetic basis of phonological change = 48
• 3.2 Assimilation and dissimilation = 49
• 3.3 Lenition and fortition = 51
• 3.4 Addition and removal of phonetic features = 55
• 3.5 Vowels and syllable structure = 57
• 3.6 Whole-segment processes = 60
• 3.7 The regularity issue : a first look = 62
• Case study : Germanic ����xw��in the present-day dialects = 63
• 3.8 Summary = 66
• Further reading = 66
• Exercises = 67
• 4 Phonological change�� : change in phonological systems = 71
• 4.1 Conditioning and rephonologization = 71
• 4.2 Phonological space = 75
• 4.3 Chain shifts = 78
• 4.4 Phonological change as rule change = 83
• Case study : the Germanic consonant system : 'Grimm's Law' and 'Verner's Law' = 87
• 4.5 Summary = 90
• Further reading = 91
• Exercises = 91
• 5 Morphological change = 96
• 5.1 Reanalysis = 96
• 5.2 Analogy and levelling = 99
• 5.3 Universal principles of analogy = 104
• 5.4 Morphologization = 107
• 5.5 Morphologization of phonological rules = 109
• 5.6 Change in morphological type = 115
• Case study : the development of the definite article from the demonstrative paradigm in English = 118
• Further reading = 122
• Exercises = 122
• 6 Syntactic change = 126
• 6.1 Reanalysis of surface structure = 126
• 6.2 Shift of markedness = 131
• 6.3 Grammaticalization = 134
• 6.4 Typological harmony = 137
• 6.5 Syntactic change as restructuring of grammars = 140
• Case study : the rise of ergativity = 143
• Further reading = 148
• Exercises = 149
• 7 Relatedness between languages = 154
• 7.1 The origin of dialects = 154
• 7.2 Dialect geography = 158
• 7.3 Genetic relationships = 164
• 7.4 Tree model and wave model = 169
• 7.5 The language families of the world = 174
• Case study : a Martian's eye view on the Germanic language family = 180
• Further reading = 184
• Exercises = 185
• 8 The comparative method = 191
• 8.1 Systematic correspondences = 191
• 8.2 Comparative reconstruction = 195
• 8.3 Pitfalls and limitations = 203
• 8.4 The Neogrammarian Hypothesis = 209
• 8.5 Semantic reconstruction = 210
• 8.6 The use of typology and universals = 213
• 8.7 Reconstructing grammar = 217
• 8.8 The reality of proto-languages = 219
• Case study : a reconstruction too far? = 220
• Further reading = 227
• Exercises = 228
• 9 Internal reconstruction = 234
• 9.1 A first look at the internal method = 234
• 9.2 Alternations and internal reconstruction = 238
• 9.3 Internal reconstruction of grammar and lexicon = 240
• Case study : the laryngeal theory of PIE = 243
• Further reading = 246
• Exercises = 247
• 10 The origin and propagation of change = 250
• 10.1 The Saussurean paradox = 250
• 10.2 Variation and social stratification = 251
• 10.3 Variation as the vehicle of change = 257
• 10.4 Lexical diffusion = 271
• 10.5 Near-mergers = 275
• Case study : historical sociolinguistics = 278
• 10.6 A closing note = 282
• Further reading = 284
• Exercises = 285
• 11 Social and historical pressures upon language = 291
• 11.1 Linguistic contact = 291
• 11.2 Linguistic areas = 303
• 11.3 Language birth : pidgins and creoles = 304
• 11.4 Language planning = 311
• 11.5 Language death = 319
• Case study : the genesis and development of American and New Zealand English = 326
• Further reading = 335
• Exercises = 336
• 12 Language and prehistory = 343
• 12.1 Introduction = 343
• 12.2 Linguistic palaeontology = 343
• 12.3 Links with archaeology = 345
• 12.4 Statistical methods = 350
• Case study : Greenberg's mass comparison = 359
• Further reading = 365
• Exercises = 365
• Appendix : the Swadesh 200-word list = 370
• Bibliography = 372
• Index = 386