Principles of alternating-current machinery

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION = ⅴ
• PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDlTION = ⅶ
• TABLE OF SYMBOLS = ⅸ
• SYNCHRONOUS ALTERNATORS
• CHAPTER Ⅰ
• Types of Alternators-Frequency-Armature Cores-Field Cores-Armature Insulation-Field Insulation-Cooling Air-Hydrogen as a Cooling Merdium-Permissible Temperatures for Different Types of Insulation = 1
• CHAPTER Ⅱ
• Induced Voltage-Phase Relation between a Flux and the Voltage It Induces-Shape of Flux and Voltage Waves when the Coil Sides Are 180 Electrical Degrees Apart-Calculation of the Voltage Induced in a Coil When the Coil Sides Are Not 180 Electrical Degrees Apart = 18
• CHAPTER Ⅲ
• Open-circuit and Closed-circuit Windings-Bar Windings and Coil Windings-Concentrated Windings and Distributed Windings-Whole-coiled and Half-coiled Windings-Spiral, Lap and Wave Windings-Single-phase and Polyphase Windings-Multicircuit Windings-Pole Pitch and Coil Pitch-Phase Spread-Breadth, Spread or Belt Factor-Pitch Factor-Effect of Pitch on Harmonice-Equation of Voltage Generated in a Fractional-pitch Coil-Effect on Wave Form of Distributing a Winding Harmonics in Three-phase Alternators-Harmonies Due to Slots-Integral-slot Windings-Fractional-slot Windings-Group Factor-Method of Calculating Group Factor-Calculation of Weighted Breadth Factor and Group Factor = 24
• CHAPTER Ⅳ
• Rating-Regulation-Magnetomotive Forces and Fluxes Concerned in the Operation of an Alternator-Armature Reaction-Armature Reaction of Cylindrical-rotor Alternator with Balaneed Load-Effect of Arinature Reaction of a Salient-pole Alternator-Graphical Plot of the Armature Reaction of a Polyphase Alternator-Armature Leakage Reactance-Equivalent Armature Leakage Flux-Effective Resistance-Single-phase Rating. = 51
• CHAPTER Ⅴ
• Vector Diagram of an Alternator with Non-salicnt Poles-Vector Diagram Applicd as an Approximation to an Alternator with Salient Polcs-Cal-culation of Regulation and Field Current from Vector Diagram-Syn-chronous Impedance and Synchronous-impedance Vector Diagram-Unsaturated Synchronous Reactance-Use of Saturated Synchronous Reactance-Open-circuit and Short-circuit Characteristics-Poticr Tri-angle for Determining Leakage Reactance and Armature Reaction-Example of Calculation of Armature Recaction and Lcakage Reactance from Potier Triangle-Saturated Synchronous Reactance-Saturance Synchronous Reactance from Open-circuit Saturtation Curve and Zero-power-factor Curve-Example of Calculation of Field Current and Regu-tion and Power Angle-Zero-power-factor Curves for Different Armature Currents-Adjusted Synchronous Reactance and Determination of Load for Determining Terminal Voltage for any Given Field Excitation-Example of Calculation of Terminal Voltage by Adjusted Synchronous-reactance Method-Determination of Field Current and Open-circuit American Standards Association Method-Two-reactance Method for Determining Field Current, Regulation and Power Angle of a Salient-pole Alternator-Determination of Direct-axis and Quadrature-axis Stnchro-nous Reactances. = 81
• CHAPTER Ⅵ
• Short-circuit Method for Determining Loakage Reactance-Zero-power-factor Method for Determining Leakage Reactance-Determination of Leakage Reactance from Measurements Made with Field Structure Rcnoved-Potier-triangle Method for Determining Leakage Reactance-Determination of Effective Resistance for Temperature = 124
• CHAPTER Ⅶ
• Efficicncy-Statements in Regard to Certain Losses in an Alternator-Mea-surement of the Losses by the Use of a Motor-Measurement of Effective Rosistance-Retardation Method of Determining the Losses-Calculated ventional Efficiency of an Alternator = 131
• CHAPTER Ⅷ
• Power Angle-Transient Reactance and Subtransient Reactance-Determination of the Subtransient and Transient Reactances from Oscillo-graph Records of the Armature Currents and the Voltage When an mination of the Subtransient Reactance from a Blocked Test-Maximum Amplitude of the Shorty-circuit Current-Per-unit Values-An Example of the Use of Per-unit Values = 143
• CHAPTER Ⅸ
• Transformer-Typos of Transformers-Cores-Windinge-Insulation-Terminals-Cooling-Oil-Breathers-Pyranol-Tap Changing under = 159
• CHAPTER Ⅹ
• Induced Voltage-Transformer on Open Circuit-Reactor = 175
• CHAPTER XI
• Determination of the Shape of the Flux Curve Which Corresponds to a Given Voltage Curve-Determination of the Voltage Curve from the Flux Curve-Determination of the Magnctizing Current and the Current Supplying the Hystcresis Loss from the Hystcresis Curve and the Curve of Induced Voltage-Current Rushes. = 180
• CHAPTER XII
• Fluxes Concerned in the Operation of a Transformer and No-load Vector Diagram-Fundamental Equatiion of the Iron-core Transformer-Ratio of Transformation-Reaction of Secondary Current-Reduction Factor-Relative Values of Resistances-Relative Values of Leakage Reactances-Calculation of Leakage Reactance-Load Vector Diagram-tion of Regulation-An Example of the Calculation of the Regulation of a Transformer from Its Complete Vector Diagram-The Vector Diagram of a Transformer Using the Reducrtion Factor and also Using the Primary Terminal Voltage and the Voltage Induced in the Primary by the Mutual Flux as Voltage Rises = 191
• CHAPTER XIII
• The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer-Graphical Representation of the Approximate Equivalent Circuit-Calculation of the Regulation from the Approximate Equivalent Circuit-An Example of the Calculation of the Regulation of a Transformer from Its Approximate Eqivalent Circuit = 214
• CHAPTER XIV
• Losses in a Transformer-Eddy-current Loss-Hysteresis Loss-Screening Effect of Eddy Currents-Effciency-All-day Efficiency = 221
• CHAPTER XV
• Measurement of Core Loss-Separation of Eddy-current and Hysteresis Losses-Measurement of Eqivalent Resistance-Calculation of the Effiencyt of a Transformer from Its Losses as Determined from Open-circuit and Short-circuit Tests-Measurement of Equivalent Reactance, Short-circuit Method-Measurement of Equivalent Reactance, Highly-indue-tive load Method-Opposition Method for Testing Transformers = 232
• CHAPTER XVI
• Current Transformer-Potential Transformer-Constant-current Trans-former-Auto-transformer-Induction Regulator = 241
• CHAPTER XVII
• Three-winding Transformers-Parallel Operation of Single-phase Trans-formers = 258
• CHAPTER XVIII
• Transformer Connections for Three-phase Circuits Using Three Identical Transformers-The Effoct of the Suppression of the Third-harmonic Components in the Exciting Currents of Y-Y-connected Transformers-Unbalanced Loads on Transformers Connected for Three-phase Trans-formation-An Example of an Unbalaneed Load on a Bank of Y-Y-connected Transformers with connected Tertiary Windings and an Isolated Primary Neutral-Three-phase Transformation with Two Transformers-Three-phase to Four-phase Transformation withe Two Transformers-Three-phase to Four-phase Transformation and Vice Versa-Three-phase to Six-phase Transformation-Two-phase of Four-phase to Six-phase Transformation-Interconnected-star or Zigzag Connection-Three-phase Zigzag Connection-Three-phase to Twelve-phase Transformation = 277
• CHAPTER XIX
• Three-phase Transformers-Third Harmonies in the Exciting Currents and in the Induced Volatges of Y-connected and 2-connected Transformers-Advantages and Disadvantages of Three-phase Transformers-Parallel Operation of Three-phase Transformers-V-connected and 2-connected Transformers in Parallel = 308
• SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
• CHAPTER XX
• Construction-General Characteristies-Power Factor-V-curves-Methods of Starting-Explanation of the Operation of a Synchronous Motor = 321
• CHAPTER XXI
• Motor and Generator Action of a Synchronous Machine and the Vector Dia-grans for the Two Conditions-Equations for Motor and Generator Action-The Effect of the Armature Reaction of a Synchronous Motor-Other Vector Diagrams of a Synchronous Motor-Change in Normal Excitation with Change in Load-Effect of Change in Load and Field Excitation-The Double-reactance Vector Diagram of a Synchronous Motor-An Example of the Calculation of the Field Current and the Efficiency of a Salient-pole Synchronous Motor Using the Double-react-ance Method for Finding the Field Current-The Relation between the Power Developed by a Synechronous Motor and Its Power Angle-The Expression for the Electromagnctic Powr of a Cylindrical-rotor Synchro-Expression for the Electromagnctic Power of a Salicnt-pole Synchronous Machine-Maximum Powre versus Powre Angle-Effect of a Change in the Excitation of a Synchronous Motor on the Power Angle at Which It Operates = 327
• CHAPTER XXII
• Limitations of the Realtions Developed in This Chapter-Maximum and Minimum Motor Excitation for Fixed Motor Power and Fixed Impressed Voltage-Maximum Motor Power with Fixed $$E_α$$,V,$$r_e$$ AND $$x_s$$ -Maximum Possible Motor Excitation with Fixed Impressed Voltage, Fixed Effective Resistance and Fixed Stnchronous Reactance-Maximum Motor Acti-vity with Fixed Impressed Voltage, Fixed Synchronous Reactance and Fixed Effective Resistance = 348
• CHAPTER XXIII
• Hunting-Damping-Methods of Starting Synchronous Motors-Super-synchronons Motors = 353
• CHAPTER XXIV
• Circle Diagram of the Cylindrical-rotor Synchronous Motor-Proof of the Diagram-Constructiion of the Diagram-Limiting Operation Conditions-Some Uses of the Circle Diagram = 366
• CHAPTER XXV
• Losses and Efficiency-Advantages and Disadvantages-Uses-Synchroncus Condenscrs-Balancing Effect of a Synchronous Motor an the Line Voltages of a System = 374
• CHAPTER XXVI
• General Statements-Alternators in Parallel-The Effect of a Chang in the Excitation of an Alternator Which Is in Parallel with Others-The Effect of Giving More Power to an Alternator Which Is Operation in Parallel with Others-The Parallel Operation of Alternators Is A Stable Condition-Inductance Is Neccssary in the Armatures of Alternators-An Example of Alternators in Parallel-The Synchronizing Power of an Alternator-The Constants of Alternators Which Aro to Operate in Parallel Need Not Be Inversely Proportional to Their Ratings = 377
• CHAPTER XXVII
• Period of Phasse Swinging or Hunting-Damping-Irregularity of Engine Torque during Each Revolution and Its Effect on Parallel Operation of Alternators-Governors-Effect of Differences in the Slopes of the Engine Speed-load Characterisitics on the Division of Load among Alternators Operating in Parallel-Effect of Changing the Tension of the Govenor Sptring on the Load Carried by an Alternator in Parallel with Others = 392
• CHAPTE XXVIII
• Effect of Wave Form on Parallel Operation of Alternators = 403
• CHAPTER XXIX
• A R$$\acute e$$sum$$\acute e$$ of the Conditions for Paralled Operation of Alternators-The Difference between Parallcling Alternators and Direct-current Generators-Synchronizing Devices-Connections for Synchronizing Single-phase Alternators-A Spcial Form of Synchronizing Transformer-Connection for Synchronizing Three-phase Alternators-Connections for Synchronizing Three-phase Alternators Using Synchronizing Transformers-Lincoln Synchronizer = 407
• CHAPTER XXX
• Means for Converting Alternating Current into Direct Current = 417
• CHAPTER XXXI
• Voltage Ratio of an n-phase Synchronous Converter-Current Relations = 421
• CHAPTER XXXII
• Copper Losses of a Synchronous Converter-Inductor Heating-Inductor Heating of an n-phase Synchronous Converter with a Uniformly Distrib-uted Armature Winding-Relativge Outputs of a Synchronous Converter Operated as a Synchronous Converter and as a Generator-Efficiency = 429
• CHAPTER XXXIII
• Armature Reaction-Commutating Poles-Hunting-Methods of Starting Converters-Flashover-The Effect of Unbalanced Impressed Voltages on the Operation of a Converter = 431
• CHAPTER XXXIV
• Transformer Connections-Methods of Controlling Voltage-Split-pole Converter = 449
• CHAPTER XXXV
• Inverted Converter-Douvle-current Generator-60-cyele versus 25-cycle Converters-Motor Generators versus Synchronous Converters = 456
• CHAPTER XXXVI
• Parallel Operation = 461
• CHAPTER XXXVII
• Machine-Field Excitation-Efficiency = 463
• CHAPTER XXXVIII
• Asynchronous Machines-Polyphase Induction Motor-Operation of the Polyphase Induction Motor-Slip-Revolving Magnetic Field-Rotor Blocked-Rotor Free-Load Is Equivalent to a Non-inductive Resistance on a Transformer-Transformer Diagram of a Polyphase Induction Motor-Eqivalent Circuit of a Polyphase Induction Motor-Polyphase Induction Regulator = 469
• CHAPTER XXXIX
• Analysis of the Vector Diagram-Internal Torque-Maximum Internal Torque and the Corresponding Slip-The Effect of Rcactance, Resistance, Impressed Voltage and Frequency on the Breakdown Torque and Breakdown Slip-Speed-torque Curve-Stability-Starting Torque-Fractional-pitch Windings-Effect of Shape of Rotor Slots on Startion Torque and Slip-Low Power Factor of Low-speed Induction Motors-The Effect on the Operation of a Polyphase Induction Motor of Unbal-anced Applied Voltages = 482
• CHAPTER XL
• Rotors, Number of Rotor and Stator Slots, Air Gap-Coil-wound Rotrs-Squirrel-cage Rotors-Advantages and Disadvantages of the Two Types of Rotors-Double-squirrel-cage Rotor-Different Types of Rotor Slots and the Correponding Starting Characteristic-The Effect of Har-monies and Rotor and Stator Slots on the Speed-torque Characteristics of a Polyphase Inductiion Motor-Harmonics in the Time Variation of the Impressed Voltages-Harmonies in the Space Distribution of the Air-gap Flux-The Effect of Slot Harmonics in the Air-gap Flux = 498
• CHAPTER XLI
• Mcthods of Starting Polyphase Induction Motors-Methods of Varying the Spced of Polyphase Induction Motors-Methods of Controlling the Speed of Large Polyhase Induction Motors-Scherbius System of speed Control = 511
• CHAPTER XLII
• The Method of Calculation the Performance of a Polayhase Induction Motor from Its Equivalent Circuit-The Determination of the Constants for the Equivalent Circuit-The Calculation of the Performance of a Polyphase Induction Motor from Its Equivalent Circuit-The Calculation of the Performance of a Polyphase Induction Motor from the Equation for Power, Torque etc. and the Vector Diagram = 536
• CHAPTER XLIII
• Circle Diagram of the Polyphase Induction Motor-Scales-Maximum Power, Power Factor and Torque-Determination of the Circle Diagram = 549
• CHAPTER XLIV
• General Characteristies of the Induciton Gencrator-Circle Diagram of athe Induction Gencrator-Changes in Power Produced by a Change in Slip-Power Factor of the Induction Generator-Phase Relation between Rotor Current Referred to the Stator and Rotor Induces Voltage E-Vector Diagram of the Inductio Gencrator-Voltage, Magnetizing Current and Function of Synchronous Apparatus in Parallel with an Inductiion Gen-erator-Use of a Condenser Instead of a Synchronous Alternator in the Induction Generator-Short-circuit Current of the Induction Gen-crator-Iiunting of the Induction Generato-Advantages and Dis-advantages of the Induction Generator-Polyphase Induction Motors Used as Selsyn Motors-Frequency Converters = 555
• CHAPTER XLV
• Sinle-phase Induction Motor-Windings-Methods of Treating the Single-phase Induction Motor-The Determination of the Operation Character-istics of a Single-phase Induction Modtor by the Use of Symmetrical-phase Component-The Equivalent Circuit of a Single-phase Inductiion Motor-The Rotating Field of a Single-phase Induction Motor-An Example of the Calculation of the Torque, Power Output, Current and Power Factor of a Single-phase Induction Motor = 567
• CHAPTER XLVI
• Quadrature Field of the Single-phase Induction Motor-Revolving Field of the Single-phase Inductkon Motor-Explanation of the Operation of the Single-phase Induction Motor-Comparison of the Losses in Single-phase and Polyphase Induction Motor Based on the Quadrature-fleld Theory-Gen-erator Action of the Single-phase Induction Motor = 583
• CHAPTER XLVII
• Commutator-type Single-phase Induction Motor-Power-factor Compensation Vector Diagrams of the Compensated Motor-Speed Control of the Commutator-type Single-phase Induction Motor-Commutation of the Commutator-type Singel-phase Induction Motor = 598
• CHAPTER XLVIII
• Methods of Starting Single-phase Induction Motors-The Capacitor Motor-The Repulsion-start Single-phase Induction Motor-Speed Control of the Single-phase Induction Motor = 609
• CHAPTER XLIX
• The Induction Motor as a Phase Converter = 617
• CHAPTER L
• Types of Single-phase Commutator Motors with Series Characteristies-Starting-Doubly fed Motors-Diagrams of Connection for Singly Fed and Doubly Fed Scries and Repulsion Motors-Power-factor Compensation = 621
• CHAPTER LI
• Singly Fed Series Motor-Vector Diagram-Approximate Vector Diagram-Over-compensation and Under-compensation-Startion and Speed Control-Commutation-Problems Involved in teh Commutation of an Alternation-current Series Motor-Double Feeding-Shunted Interpoles-General Statements concerning Alternation-current Series Motors-Universal Fractional-horse-power Motors = 624