People can accurately represent ensemble properties from a set of multiple items, such as mean size. While much questions have focused on the mechanism of ensemble representation, to our knowledge there was never a discussion about the form of mean re...
People can accurately represent ensemble properties from a set of multiple items, such as mean size. While much questions have focused on the mechanism of ensemble representation, to our knowledge there was never a discussion about the form of mean representation. The condoned assumption seems to be that mean is represented as a single average, e.g., a single size. However, some evidences contradict this intuitive understanding, one of which is that mean estimation shows large bias in studies that use single item probe to report the mean size. The fact that mean and other various ensemble statistical properties are interrelated also suggests that mean representation is more complex than a single average. The current study explored the form of mean representation by examining how mean size estimation is influenced by the characteristic differences between two comparing ensembles, specifically depending on set size and variance. In each trial, observers were presented with a set of multiple circles. They were asked to report the mean size of the standard display by adjusting the size of a single circle or the overall size of multiple circles in the probe display. We measured percentage error from the actual mean size, as well as the variance of the response. In Experiment 1, we compared mean size estimation performance between using a single probe versus a set probe. Replicating the macro trend across studies, estimation error was greater in the single probe condition than the set probe condition. In Experiment 2, we further divided probe’s set size into four levels. Results showed that error becomes systematically smaller as set size disparity decreases between standard and probe displays. In Experiment 3, we checked if this observed set-size disparity effect was possibly due to a difference in sensory memory overlap by examining whether the results change when probe is presented on a different location. Results showed no significant difference between same and different location conditions, ruling out the sensory memory explanation. Finally, Experiment 4 manipulated size variance to see how variance congruency influenced mean size estimation. Error and response variance were always smaller when variance was congruent than when variance was incongruent. All in all, error and response variance of mean estimation were contingent on the characteristics of the probe displays. This supports an idea that mean representation is not represented as a single average, but includes ensemble of statistical properties, such as variance and numerosity.