19세기 말 미식축구와 계급경계의 유동성 = American Football and Shifting Class Boundaries in the Late Nineteenth Century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the 19th century, the American middle class constructed its class identity based on a binary of self-control/rationality and emotion. This rigid binary was complicated by middle-class men’s emerging masculine culture in the late nineteenth century. Physical sports, including football, reflected a new masculine culture that resisted traditional middle-class norms which were regarded as effeminizing. However, while football elevated physicality and aggressiveness and conflicted with old middle-class norms, Walter Camp’s rules for the sport constructed it as a gentleman’s scientific game and placed it within the boundaries of middle-class culture. However, Camp’s rules could not control the games or end hegemonic struggles between football authorities and players when the changes of rules for civilizing and rationalizing the game facilitated aggressiveness and violence. With players freely expressing their emotions, the gridirons became contested spaces in which class boundaries were continuously reconstructed and deconstructed. The controversies regarding football in the late nineteenth century help us understand that while a social class was a cultural group with economic differences, it was never a culturally unified group.

참고문헌 (Reference)

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