Environmental science : systems and solutions

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = xxi
• LEARNING GUIDE = xxviii
• SECTION 1 ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES = 1
• CHAPTER 1 TNTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE = 2
• PROLOGUE : People Making a Difference = 2
• Introduction = 3
• Beyond "Information Overload" : Environmental Wisdom = 4
• Beyond Bumper Stickers : Building a Sustainable World = 5
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 1-1 : Environmental Insanity and Pseudoscience : Perils of Ignorance = 6
• What Is Environmental Science? = 8
• History of Environmental Impact and Environmental Movements = 8
• What Is Environmental Impact? = 12
• Exponential Growth of Human Population = 12
• Exponential Growth of Technology = 13
• Exponential Growth of Environmental Impact = 14
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 1-2 : Is Human Impact on the Environment the Same as Cancer? = 15
• Why Do People Deplete and Pollute? The Environment as a Commons = 16
• Saving the Commons : Reducing Throughout by Paying True Costs = 16
• Reducing Technological Impact : Defusing the Bomb of the North = 17
• Reducing Population : Defusing the Bomb of the South = 20
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 1-3 : Business Is Green : The Jobs versus Environment Myth = 21
• The Role of the Individual = 22
• Values on the Here and Now : Why We Avoid True Costs = 23
• A Solution : Values beyond the Self = 23
• CASE STUDY : What Are Your Values? Would You Decline $600,000 to Save a Rainforest? = 24
• Toward a Sustainable World = 24
• Visualizing a Sustainable World = 25
• About This Book = 25
• Summary = 27
• Key Terms = 28
• Study Questions = 28
• Essay Questions = 29
• Suggested Readings = 29
• CHAPTER 2 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT = 30
• PROLOGUE : The Year without a Summer = 30
• Introduction = 31
• Workings of Planet Earth Today = 32
• Earth and Its Neighboring Planets = 32
• Present-Day Deep Structure of the Earth = 33
• Plate Tectonics = 34
• The Composition of Matter on the Earth = 37
• Rocks - Their Origin and the Rock Cycle = 38
• The Surface of the Earth : Hydrologic and Atmospheric Cycles ; Climate and Weather = 39
• Rotation, Orbits, and Seasons = 42
• Origin and Physical Development of the Earth = 43
• Origin of the Solar System and Earth = 43
• Origin of the Oceans = 43
• Origin of the Atmosphere = 44
• Natural Hazards = 44
• Earthquakes and Volcanoes = 45
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 2-1 : Forget the Richter Scale? = 46
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 2-2 : Predicting Earthquakes = 49
• Land Instability = 51
• Weather Hazards = 51
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 2-3 : The Great Midwestern Flood of 1993 = 54
• Fires = 55
• Coastal Hazards = 56
• Summary = 56
• Key Terms = 57
• Study Questions = 57
• Essay Questions = 57
• Suggested Readings = 58
• CHAPTER 3 THE BIOSPHERE = 59
• PROLOGUE : Restoring the Biosphere by Applying Ecology = 59
• Introduction = 60
• Evolution of the Biosphere = 60
• Diversification of the Biosphere = 60
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 3-1 : What is "Ecology"? = 64
• Biosphere Interactions : Populations = 64
• Population Dynamics = 65
• Growth of Populations = 65
• Population Stability : Regulation of Growth = 66
• The Real World : Complex Interactions of Abundance Controls = 69
• Physically versus Biologically Controlled Systems = 69
• Population Decline = 70
• Human Impact on Population Growth and Decline = 71
• Population Range = 73
• Biosphere Interactions : Communities and Ecosystems = 74
• Community Structure = 75
• Kinds of Communities = 76
• Community Diversity = 79
• Community Change through Time = 81
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 3-2 : Can Destruction be Good? The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis = 82
• Human Disturbance of Communities = 84
• Ecosystems and Community Function = 84
• Ecosystem Productivity = 87
• Matter Cycling through Ecosystems = 89
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 3-3 : Does Extinction Reduce Ecosystem Productivity? How "Experimental Ecology" Answers Key Questions = 90
• Summary = 92
• Key Terms = 93
• Study Questions = 93
• Essay Questions = 93
• Suggested Readings = 93
• CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENT : AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF FOUR SPHERES = 94
• PROLOGUE : Stardust and Caesar's Last Gasp = 94
• Introduction = 95
• Biogeochemical Cycles : An Introduction = 95
• Biogeochemical Cycles : Major Features = 97
• Energy Flows = 101
• Overview : The Environment as a System = 103
• What is a System? = 103
• Three Key Traits of the Environmental System = 103
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 4-1 : Biosphere 2 : A Microcosm of Earth = 104
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 4-2 : Systems and Chaos Theories : Ways to Study Complexity = 107
• Society in the Environmental System = 108
• CASE STUDY : Global Warming and Disease : Personal Choices, Collective Problems = 109
• Summary = 110
• Key Terms = 111
• Study Questions = 111
• Essay Questions = 111
• Suggested Readings = 111
• CHAPTER 5 DEMOGRAPHY = 112
• PROLOGUE : Controversies, Symptoms, and Solutions = 113
• Introduction = 114
• World Population Changes over Time = 114
• Starting Slow : The "Lag Phase" = 114
• The Agricultural(Neolithic) Revolution : Beginning Exponential Growth = 115
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 5-1 : The Plague = 116
• Carrying Capacity = 118
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 5-2 : Human Population Equations and Statistics = 119
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 5-3 : Thomas Malthus : the Original Population Pessimist = 120
• Growth Rate and Doubling Time of the World's Human Population = 120
• Distribution of the Earth's Human Population = 121
• Age Structures = 124
• The Consequences of Overpopulation = 125
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 5-4 : Urbanization = 128
• The Population of the United States and Canada = 129
• Is Population Growth Really a Problem? The Alternative Point of View = 130
• Innocuous Population Growth - Apparently = 131
• Solving the World's Population Problem = 132
• Industrialization, Economic Development, and the Demographic Transition = 132
• Problems with the Demographic Transition Model = 132
• Contraceptives, Abortion, and Reproductive Rights = 133
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 5-5 : Global Overpopulation, Yet Cultural Extinction = 134
• Birth Control Methods = 136
• Problems with Contraceptive Use = 136
• Abortion : A' Major Issue of Our Time = 137
• Female Education and Status = 138
• Economic Incentives, Disincentives, and Government Regulation of Childbearing = 139
• Population Control around the World = 139
• Summary = 142
• Key Terms = 142
• Study Questions = 142
• Essay Questions = 143
• Suggested Readings = 143
• SECTION 2 RROBLEMS OF RESOURCE DEPLETION = 145
• CHAPTER 6 PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT = 146
• PROLOGUE : A Town that Pioneers Sustainability = 146
• Introduction = 147
• The Need to Manage Resources = 148
• What Is Resource Management? = 148
• Resource Management : Preservation, Conservation, and Restoration = 148
• A Brief History of Preservation, Conservation, and Restoration = 149
• Who Cares? The Many Values of Natural Resources = 149
• Kinds of Resources = 151
• Patterns of Resource Depletion = 151
• How Matter Resources Are Depleted = 151
• How Energy Resources Are Depleted = 152
• Bubble Pattern of Depletion = 152
• Problems with Past Resource Management = 153
• Net Yield of Nonrenewable, Resources = 153
• Maximum Sustainable Yield of Renewable Resources = 154
• Conservation : Reducing the Need for Resources = 155
• Ways to Conserve : Efficiency, Recycling, and Substitution = 155
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 6-1 : How to Exceed Maximum, Sustainable Yield : Overfishing in New England = 156
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 6-2 : Is This Recycled or Not? = 158
• Resource Economics = 160
• Resource Overuse : Ignoring Environmental Costs = 160
• Jobs and Life in a Sustainable World = 161
• Summary = 163
• Key Terms = 164
• Study Questions = 164
• Essay Questions = 165
• Suggested Readings = 165
• CHAPTER 7 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY, FOSSIL FUELS, AND HYDROELECTRIC POWER = 166
• PROLOGUE : Increasing Electrical Efficiencies in the 1990s = 166
• Introduction = 167
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 7-1 : Fundamentals - Energy, Work, Power, and Thermodynamics = 169
• Modern Society's Dependence on Energy = 171
• An Overview of the Current Global Energy Situation = 171
• CASE STUDY : The United States-Sources and Consumption of Energy = 172
• Energy Scenarios of the Future = 174
• Power Plants-Supplying the People with Electricity = 176
• Hard Versus Soft Energy Technologies = 178
• The Fossil Fuels = 179
• The Origin of Fossil Fuels = 179
• Human Use of Fossil Fuels = 180
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 7-2 : Oil Shale and "Depleted" Oil Wells = 183
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 7-3 : The U.S. Energy Crisis of the 1970s = 185
• Can Fossil Fuel Supplies Increase on a Human Timescale? = 188
• Why We Must Stop Burning Fossil Fuels = 189
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 7-4 : The Hidden Costs of Foreign Oil Dependence = 190
• The Bottom Line on Fossil Fuels = 191
• Hydropower = 192
• Summary = 195
• Key Terms = 195
• Study Questions = 195
• Essay Questions = 196
• Suggested Readings = 196
• CHAPTER 8 NUCLEAR ENERGY = 197
• PROLOGUE : French Nuclear Leadership-Blessing or Curse? = 197
• Introduction = 199
• Principles of Nuclear Power = 199
• Fission = 200
• Fusion = 202
• CASE STUDY : Cold Fusion : Faulty Science? = 203
• The Nuclear Fuel Production Process = 204
• Uranium Resources = 205
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power = 205
• The Safety Record of Nuclear Power = 205
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 8-1 : Bombs to Fuel = 206
• Drawbacks of Nuclear Power = 208
• Chernobyl and Three Mile Island = 210
• The Chernobyl Disaster = 210
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 8-2 : The Petkau Effect = 211
• Three Mile Island and Other Accidents = 214
• Could a Chernobyl-Style Accident Happen in the United States? = 216
• Safer Nuclear Reactors = 217
• Disposal of Nuclear Wastes = 218
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 8-3 : Radioactive Waste - An "Unsolved Problem" or a "Trivial Technical Problem"? = 221
• Military Defense Plant Waste = 222
• Decommissioning Nuclear Reactors = 222
• Global Nuclear Power Today and in the Future = 223
• Summary = 224
• Key Terms = 224
• Study Questions = 224
• Essay Questions = 225
• Suggested Readings = 225
• CHAPTER 9 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION = 226
• PROLOGUE : Off-the-Grid Options = 226
• Introduction = 227
• Biomass = 228
• Raw Sources of Biomass Energy = 228
• Biomass Fuels and Technologies = 229
• Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass Energy = 231
• Solar Energy = 232
• Direct Use of Solar Energy and Passive Solar Designs = 232
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 9-1 : The Natural Gas Transition to a Solar-Hydrogen Economy = 233
• CASE STUDY : Drawbacks of Solar Power = 234
• Active Solar Techniques = 235
• Electricity from the Sun = 236
• Wind Power = 238
• Geothermal Energy = 240
• Ocean Energy = 242
• Energy Storage = 244
• Electrical Energy Storage = 244
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 9-2 : Superconductivity = 246
• Heat Storage = 247
• Energy Conservation = 249
• Energy Efficiency at a National Level = 250
• Improving Energy Efficiency = 250
• Encouraging Energy Savings - Voluntary versus Mandatory Measures = 251
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 9-3 : Improving the Fuel Economy of Gasoline-Powered Vehicles = 252
• Summary = 254
• Key Terms = 255
• Study Questions = 255
• Essay Questions = 255
• Suggested Readings = 256
• CHAPTER 10 MINERAL RESOURCES = 257
• PROLOGUE : Mineral Reserves - No End in Sight? = 257
• Introduction = 258
• Types of Mineral Resources = 258
• Relative Demands and Values of Mineral Resources - An Overview = 259
• Mineral Deposits, Ores, and Reserves = 261
• The Formation of Mineral Deposits = 262
• Environmental Degradation due to Mineral Exploitation = 266
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 10-1 : The General Mining Act of 1872 = 267
• The Steps in Copper Production - An Example of Mineral Mining = 268
• CASE STUDY : Trading a Mountain for a Hole in the Ground = 270
• Trends in Mineral Use = 271
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 10-2 : Loopholes for Miners = 272
• Increasing Mineral Scarcity and Growth in Demand for Minerals = 272
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 10-3 : Mining Threatens the Polar Wilderness = 273
• What Accounts for the Prices of Minerals? = 274
• Dealing with Mineral Scarcity = 275
• Expanding the Resource Base = 275
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 10-4 : Manganese Nodules on the Sea Floor = 276
• Recycling = 277
• Substitutability = 278
• Conservation and Durability = 278
• Summary = 279
• Key Terms = 279
• Study Questions = 280
• Essay Questions = 280
• Suggested Readings = 280
• CHAPTER 11 WATER RESOURCES = 281
• PROLOGUE : Wally's Garden Hose - Alaskan Water for Thirsty California = 281
• Introduction = 282
• Water and the Hydrologic Cycle = 282
• Water : A Most Unusual Substance = 282
• The Hydrologic Cycle = 283
• Water Demand = 284
• Water Supply = 286
• Regional Water Shortages : Inequalities in the Hydrologic Cycle = 286
• A Global Water Shortage? = 286
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 11-1 : The Global Safe Drinking Water Crisis = 288
• Types of Water Resources = 289
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 11-2 : The Shrinking Aral Sea = 290
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 11-3 : The Ogallala Aquifer = 294
• Increasing Our Water Resources = 295
• Increased Efficiency = 295
• Desalination = 296
• Wastewater Reclamation = 298
• Dams and Reservoirs = 299
• Canals = 300
• Social Solutions to Water Scarcity = 301
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 11-4 : Saving the Everglades = 302
• Economics of Water Use = 302
• Legal Control of Water Use = 305
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 11-5 : Industrial Recycling of Water = 306
• Which Are Better : Economic or Legal Solutions? = 307
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 11-6 : Water and the Marketplace = 308
• Summary = 309
• Key Terms = 309
• Study Questions = 309
• Essay Questions = 310
• Suggested Readings = 310
• CHAPTER 12 CONSERVING BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES = 311
• PROLOGUE : How Much Is That Ivory in the Window? = 312
• Introduction = 312
• What is Biodiversity? = 313
• Measuring Biodiversity = 313
• Global Biodiversity : How Many Species? = 313
• Biodiversity Today : A Rare Wealth in Time = 315
• Biodiversity Loss = 315
• Biodiversity Losses before Humans = 316
• Current Biodiversity Loss : The Sixth Mass Extinction? = 316
• Causes of Extinction = 317
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 12-1 : The "Miner's Canary" : Decline of Songbirds = 321
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 12-2 : Invasion of the Zebra Mussels = 322
• Minimum Viable Populations = 324
• Community and Ecosystem Degradation = 326
• Are Diverse Communities More Easily Disturbed? = 326
• Stopping Extinctions = 327
• Reasons to Stop Extinctions : The Many Values of Biodiversity = 327
• Which Species to Save? = 328
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 12-3 : Emu-Burgers, Anyone? = 329
• How to Save Species = 331
• Species Preservation in the United States = 333
• Species Preservation Around the World = 337
• CASE STUDY : Are Habitat Conservation Plans the Answer? The California Gnatcatcher Example = 339
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 12-4 : Ecotourism : Much Promise, but Some Limitations = 340
• Protecting Marine Species = 342
• Breeding in Captivity and Reintroductions = 343
• Public Lands = 344
• An End to Subsidized Abuse of Public Land? = 344
• National Parks : Overcrowded and Underfunded = 344
• National Forests = 347
• Summary = 349
• Key Terms = 350
• Study Questions = 350
• Essay Questions = 350
• Suggested Readings = 351
• CHAPTER 13 FEEDING THE WORLD = 352
• PROLOGUE : Making a Small Dent in World Hunger = 352
• Introduction = 353
• Food as a Biological Resource = 353
• Hunger = 354
• Feeding the World Today = 355
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 13-1 : Eating Animal Products = 356
• Food for the Future = 357
• Agricultural Food Production and Supplies = 359
• CASE STUDY : Should the Choice of Clothing Be an Environmental Issue? = 362
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 13-2 : Seed Banks = 367
• Biotechnology and Transgenic Crops = 371
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 13-3 : Bioengineering = 372
• Nonagricultural Food Sources = 373
• The Soil of the Earth = 376
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 13-4 : Aquaculture and Mariculture = 377
• What is Soil? = 378
• Global Assessment of Soil Degradation = 378
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 13-5 : Topsoil as a "Crop" = 379
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 13-6 : The Rock Fences and Walls of New England - Symptoms of Environmental Destruction? = 380
• Stopping Soil Degradation = 383
• Summary = 384
• Key Terms = 384
• Study Questions = 384
• Essay Questions = 385
• Suggested Readings = 385
• SECTION 3 PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION = 387
• CHAPTER 14 PRINCIPLES OF POLLUTION CONTROL = 388
• PROLOGUE : Industrial Ecology - 3M and the 3P's = 388
• Introduction = 389
• What Is Pollution? = 389
• History of Pollution = 391
• Pollutant Properties = 392
• Controlling Pollution = 393
• Myths of Pollution Control = 393
• Deciding How Much Control : Being Realistic = 394
• CASE STUDY : Can Pollution be Solved by Economic Growth? = 395
• Implementing Pollution Controls = 398
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 14-1 : An Ounce of Prevention - Redesigning Chemical Manufacturing = 400
• International and National Aspects = 402
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 14-2 : A Right to Know = 403
• Summary = 404
• Key Terms = 404
• Study Questions = 404
• Essay Questions = 405
• Suggested Readings = 405
• CHAPTER 15 TOXICOLOGY, PESTICIDES, AND RISK = 406
• PROLOGUE : To Save Mickey Mouse Sculptures, Disney Wishes upon a Bug = 406
• Introduction = 407
• Toxicology : The Science of Poisons = 407
• Brief History and Future of Toxicology = 407
• Effects of Toxic Substances = 408
• Toxic Risk Assessment = 410
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 15-1 : Should We Use Animals to Test Products? Which Animals? = 412
• Pesticides : Pollutants Made to Kill = 417
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 15-2 : To Worry or Not to Worry? Chlorine, Dioxin, and PCBs = 418
• Three Stages of Pesticide Evolution = 418
• Problems with Chemical Pesticides = 421
• Reducing Chemical Pesticide Use = 423
• Legal Aspects of Toxic Substance and Pesticide Control = 424
• CASE STUDY : Should We Rethink Lawns and Golf Courses? = 425
• Toxic Torts = 426
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 15-3 : Breakfast Cereal and Pesticides : An Example of Regulatory Problems = 427
• Summary = 428
• Key Terms = 428
• Study Questions = 429
• Essay Questions = 429
• Suggested Readings = 429
• CHAPTER 16 WATER POLLUTION = 430
• PROLOGUE : Reborn Boise River Shows Benefits of Clean Water Act = 430
• Introduction = 431
• Damages and Suffering = 431
• Future of U.S. Water Pollution Control = 432
• Water Purification in Nature = 433
• Pollution : Overwhelming Natural Purification = 434
• Composition and Properties of Water Pollutants = 434
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 16-1 : The Milwaukee Incident = 436
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 16-2 : Lead : The Insidious Contaminant = 438
• Sources of Water Pollution = 438
• Fate of Pollution = 440
• CASE STUDY : Are Motorboats More Harmful Than Oil Spills? = 446
• Slowing Pollution : Reduction, Treatment, and Remediation = 448
• Source Reduction : Efficiency, Recycling, and Substitution = 448
• Treating Wastewater = 448
• Remediation : Cleaning Up Polluted Waters = 451
• Legal and Social Solutions = 452
• Cleaner Rivers and Lakes = 452
• Cleaner Drinking Water = 452
• Future Problems = 456
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 16-3 : Wetland Sewage Treatment : Cleaner Water, Cheaper, and Prettier = 458
• Summary = 461
• Key Terms = 462
• Study Questions = 462
• Essay Questions = 462
• Suggested Readings = 462
• CHAPTER 17 AIR POLLUTION : LOCAL AND REGIONAL = 463
• PROLOGUE : I want my MTBE? = 463
• Introduction = 464
• Atmosphere : The Air We Breathe = 465
• Local and Regional Air Pollution = 465
• Particulates = 466
• Sulfur Oxides = 468
• Nitrogen Oxides and Volatile Organic Compounds = 472
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 17-1 : Clean Air in Los Angeles = 473
• Carbon Monoxide = 474
• Lead = 476
• International Trends = 476
• Weather and Air Pollution = 477
• Social Solutions = 477
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 17-2 : Mass Transportation = 478
• Legal Solutions = 478
• Economic Solutions = 483
• Indoor Air Pollution = 484
• Sources and Types of Indoor Pollution = 484
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 17-3 : The Radon Controversy = 485
• Noise Pollution = 487
• Measuring Noise = 487
• CASE STUDY : Is Asbestos a Classic Example of "Environmental Hypochondria"? = 488
• Health Damage from Noise = 489
• Control of Noise = 489
• Electromagnetic Fields = 489
• Summary = 491
• Key Terms = 492
• Study Questions = 492
• Essay Questions = 492
• Suggested Readings = 492
• CHAPTER 18 GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION : DESTRUCTION OF THE OZONE LAYER AND GLOBAL WARMING = 493
• PROLOGUE : Japan's Proposed Technological Fix for the Greenhouse Problem = 493
• Introduction = 494
• Ozone Depletion = 494
• Ozone in Nature = 494
• Human Assaults on the 0zone Layer = 495
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 18-1 : CFCs and Other Ozone-Destroying Substances = 496
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 18-2 : SSTs, U.S. Space shuttles, and Stratospheric Ozone = 499
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 18-3 : The Ozone Hole over Antarctica = 500
• Effects of Increased Ultraviolet Radiation Reaching the Earth's Surface = 501
• Controlling CFC Releases and Finding Substitutes = 503
• Tropospheric Pollution and UV-B = 504
• Global Warming = 504
• The Greenhouse Effect = 504
• Is Earth Really Warming Up? = 509
• Consequences of Global Warming = 516
• CASE STUDY : The Benefits of CO₂ = 517
• General Strategies for Dealing with Global Warming = 519
• Summary = 522
• Key Terms = 523
• Study Questions = 523
• Essay Questions = 524
• Suggested Readings = 524
• CHAPTER 19 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND HAZARDOUS WASTE = 525
• PROLOGUE : Recycling in East Hampton = 525
• Introduction = 526
• Defining Waste = 527
• Solid Waste = 527
• Alternative Paradigms for Waste Management = 528
• CASE STUDY : The Controversy over Disposable Diapers = 529
• Traditional Means of Waste Management = 530
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 19-1 : Tires = 534
• Garbage as a Source of Revenue for Poorer Communities = 538
• Dealing with Rubbish and Other Waste in the Near Future = 539
• Waste Disposal and Recycling in the United States = 540
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 19-2 : Paper versus Plastic = 543
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 19-3 : Biodegradable Plastics = 544
• Industrial Ecosystems = 547
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 19-4 : Paying Extra to Recycle = 548
• Hazardous Waste = 549
• Love Canal = 551
• Superfund = 552
• The Bhopal Disaster = 553
• Toxics Release Inventory = 553
• New Technologies for Dealing with Hazardous Waste = 554
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 19-5 : PCBs = 555
• Summary = 558
• Key Terms = 559
• Study Questions = 559
• Essay Questions = 559
• Suggested Readings = 559
• SECTION 4 SOCIAL SOLUTIONS = 561
• CHAPTER 20 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS = 562
• PROLOGUE : Redefining Progress-A Small but Determined Group = 562
• Introduction = 563
• Economics versus Environmental Science? = 563
• Environmental Economics : Blending the Dichotomy = 565
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 20-1 : Green Gold : Is America Losing the Environmental Technology Race? = 568
• Economics of Sustainable Growth = 568
• Externalities : Market Failures and the Environment = 569
• Solution : Internalizing Environmental Externalities = 570
• CASE STUDY : Would You Be a Green Investor? = 575
• Poverty and the Global Environment = 576
• Origins of Global Poverty = 576
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 20-2 : Cookstoves in Poor Nations : Small Is Beautiful(and Sustainable) = 577
• Eliminating Global Poverty = 578
• Developing a Sustainable Economy = 580
• Summary = 582
• Key Terms = 582
• Study Questions = 583
• Essay Questions = 583
• Suggested Readings = 583
• CHAPTER 21 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS = 584
• PROLOGUE : Animal Rights or Freedom of Religious Expression? = 584
• Introduction = 585
• Ethics = 586
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 21-1 : Environmental Racism, Environmental Equity, Environmental Justice = 588
• Major Traditions in Western Ethical Thought = 588
• Judeo-Christian Environmental Ethics = 588
• The Teleological Tradition = 590
• Utilitarianism = 591
• Duties and Rights = 592
• John Locke and Property Rights = 593
• Environmental Ethics and Environmental Philosophies = 594
• Biocentric Ethics = 594
• Ecocentric Ethics = 594
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 21-2 : Animal Rights = 596
• Deep Ecology = 598
• Social Ecology = 598
• Ecofeminism = 599
• Non-Western Perspectives on Environmental Ethics = 599
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 21-3 : Civil Disobedience and Ecoterrorism = 600
• CASE STUDY : Global Population and Ethical Considerations = 602
• The Importance of Environmental Ethics = 603
• Summary = 603
• Key Terms = 604
• Study Questions = 604
• Essay Questions = 605
• Suggested Readings = 605
• CHAPTER 22 HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS = 606
• PROLOGUE : The Green Movement = 606
• Introduction = 607
• An Historical Perspective on American Environmentalism = 608
• The First Century of American Environmentalism = 609
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 22-1 : The North American Bison = 610
• Environmentalism since World War Ⅱ = 614
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 22-2 : The Wise Use Movement = 616
• Are Western Societal Values to Be Blamed for the Current Environmental Crisis? = 618
• Western Values and Social Institutions = 618
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 22-3 : Environmental Problems in China = 621
• Sustainable Development／Sustainable Growth = 622
• Solving the Environmental Crisis by Refocusing Western Political-Economic Structures = 622
• Environmental Law = 625
• Law and the Environment - A General Overview = 625
• International Environmental Law = 625
• Environmental Law and Regulation in the United States = 628
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 22-4 : Development Assistance, World Trade, and Sustainable Development = 629
• ISSUES IN PERSPECTIVE 22-5 : Environmental Laws Used to Fight Environmentalism = 631
• Decision-Making in the Public Arena = 632
• CASE STUDY : U.S. Environmental Policy - Misguided or Enlightened? = 633
• Summary = 635
• Key Terms = 636
• Study Questions = 636
• Essay Questions = 637
• Suggested Readings = 637
• EPILOGUE : Environmental Literacy = 638
• APPENDIXES
• A Common Measures of Energy and Power = A-1
• B English／Metric Conversion Table = B-1
• C Selected Major Pieces of U.S. Environmental Legislation = C-1
• D Selected Pieces of International Environmental Legislation = D-1
• E Selected Environmental Organizations = E-1
• F Answers to Odd-Numbered Study Questions = F-1
• GLOSSARY = G-1
• INDEX = I-1