가톨릭교회 안에서 평신도의 직무와 역할에 따른 현대적 적용 : 제2차 바티칸 공의회를 중심으로 = Modern application of the functions and roles of the layman in Catholic Church : Focus on the Second Vatican Council

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The subject of my thesis is the study of the contemporary application according to the task and role of lay people in the Catholic Church. The motivation for writing my thesis on this topic began with a question and answer attitude about the Korean church, which is now heavily clergy-centered. Specifically, clergy-centeredness and authoritarianism of the clergy in Korean church has hindered the communication of church members and community unity. Today, however, no specific effort has been made to address these issues.
The text consists of three chapters. In Chapter I, I learned about etymological considerations on layman and how understanding of layman has changed through historical processes. Also I wrote about who is the layman from the point of view of the Church as God's People and the Church as Christ's Body, which is taught in the Second Vatican Council. Furthermore, I looked at the identity of layman and mission through relationship of the layman with a priest who are in the religious system. Today, the church divides its members into priests, monks, and laymen. However, up to the first church, where the concept of the layman was not clearly defined within the Catholic Church, members of the Church were divided into upper classes such as the priests, the commoner aristocrats, the teachers of the law and the Pharisee and the lower class such as the converted to Christianity, the liberated slaves, and the common people. As times changed, church has become more prone to separating the clergy from the layman. The effect has led to the misunderstanding that layman is lower than the priest. These issues have been seriously addressed in medieval times and modern times, and have been corrected in the Second Vatican Council and had come to this day.
In Chapter II, I searched about the concept, the basis, and goal of laymen through spirituality. In addition, I searched priesthood, Prophecy Task and royal office as apostolate which a layman teaches in the Second Vatican Council. Furthermore, I mentioned what are the different areas of the layman's apostolate. They were called to proclaim the word of God in their life (Prophecy Task), to serve the church (Munus Regale), to serve the world (Pensieri sul Sacerdozio). Laymen can participate in the church's apostolate in many ways. In particular, layman’s apostolate is divided into private, family, and organization. Individual apostolate, as coming from Christian life, it is the source of apostles, which is the basis of all apostles' activities. A layman can lead a life of God through his private apostolate. The home is also the site of the apostolate activity. Parents can give faith to their children, and by raising them, they can serve as home apostles. In addition, Organized apostolate is suited to the practical conditions of believers, it's a sign of church unity in Christ. The church can serve as an organization apostolate by training members of the layman's profession and helping them live their private lives.
In chapter III, I tried to figure out what are some real problems with applying the layman position of the Apostolic Church in Korea today, and examined the efforts of the Korean Church to solve this problem. Futhermore, I wrote about how we can apply the layman's apostolate modernly within the concrete reality. Today, clericalism and the authoritarian attitude of the clergy in Korean churches limit the role of layman. Today, the role of laymen in the church should be emphasized by decreasing those who support the priesthood, but the actual Korean church has been driven by clergy and the church limits layman’s role as who helps the priest. To solve this problem, the Korean church should help the layman through continued interest and institutional support so that he can participate in the church's activities by performing his or her apostolate. We also need to lead the laymen to know the right apostolate spirit and to live their lives. Furthermore through programs designed to train laymen, We need to train members of laymen. Also the church and parish should continuous interest and institutional support to performance apostolate.
In this study, I discussed how to apply the functions and roles of laymen within the Korean Church. The Second Vatican Council teaches us to consider the role of laymen in the sanctuary God has called and respect their duties. In a world where clergy-centeredness is strong, the Korean church looks back on the functions and roles of the layman and I hope that the laymen will actively participate in the liturgy and actively lead the life of faith.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract ⅲ
• 들어가는 말 1
• Ⅰ. 평신도에 대한 이해 4
• 1.1. 평신도의 어원적 고찰 4
• 1.2. 평신도의 역사적 이해 6
• 1.2.1. 초대교회 7
• 1.2.2. 교부시대 8
• 1.2.3. 중세교회 9
• 1.2.4. 근대교회 10
• 1.2.5. 제2차 바티칸 공의회 이전까지 현대교회 11
• 1.3. 제2차 바티칸 공의회에서 바라보는 평신도의 이해 13
• 1.3.1. 교회의 표상들에서 평신도의 이해 13
• 1.3.1.1. 하느님의 백성으로서 교회 14
• 1.3.1.2. 그리스도의 몸으로서 교회 16
• 1.3.2. 교계제도 안에서 평신도의 이해 18
• 1.3.2.1. 성직자와 평신도의 관계 18
• 1.3.2.2. 성직자 중심주의와 평신도 20
• 1.3.3. 평신도의 신원과 사명 22
• 1.3.3.1. 평신도의 신원 22
• 1.3.3.2. 평신도의 사명 23
• Ⅱ. 가톨릭교회 안에서 평신도의 직무와 역할 26
• 2.1. 평신도 사도직에 대한 이해 26
• 2.1.1. 평신도 사도직의 개념 28
• 2.1.2. 평신도 사도직의 근거와 영성 29
• 2.1.3. 평신도 사도직의 목표 33
• 2.2. 평신도 사도직의 직무 36
• 2.2.1. 사제직 37
• 2.2.2. 예언자직 38
• 2.2.3. 왕직 40
• 2.3. 평신도 사도직의 여러 분야 41
• 2.3.1. 개인 사도직 42
• 2.3.2. 가정 사도직 43
• 2.3.3. 조직 사도직 46
• Ⅲ. 오늘날 가톨릭교회 안에서 평신도 사도직의 현대적 적용 48
• 3.1. 현대의 평신도 사도직의 문제점 48
• 3.1.1. 성직자 중심의 활동 49
• 3.1.2. 신앙의 토착화에 대한 소극적 대처 51
• 3.1.3. 평신도 사도직 영성에 대한 이해부족 52
• 3.1.4. 평신도 사도직 교육과 양성문제 54
• 3.2. 평신도 사도직의 문제점에 대한 해결방안 55
• 3.2.1. 교회의 사명에 대한 평신도의 참여 56
• 3.2.2. 현대사회의 복음화와 선교활동 59
• 3.2.3. 평신도 사도직 영성의 실천 62
• 3.2.4. 평신도 사도직 회원의 양성교육 64
• 3.3. 평신도 사도직의 현대적 적용 66
• 3.3.1. 세상을 성화하는 사제직 67
• 3.3.2. 복음을 선포하는 예언자직 70
• 3.3.3. 이웃을 섬기는 왕직 74
• 나가는 말 79
• 참 고 문 헌 82