This study aims to explore how cognitive strategy scaffolding and metacognitive strategy scaffolding influence the mathematical problem-solving abilities in Middle school students with mathematical difficulties who possess different working memory cha...
This study aims to explore how cognitive strategy scaffolding and metacognitive strategy scaffolding influence the mathematical problem-solving abilities in Middle school students with mathematical difficulties who possess different working memory characteristics. Based on existing literature, the study proposes three core hypotheses: (1) Scaffolding type has a significant main effect on mathematical problem-solving ability, with metacognitive strategy scaffolding being more effective in complex problem-solving; (2) The three subsystems of working memory (central executive function, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad) have significant main effects on mathematical performance, with central executive function having a particularly pronounced impact on solving complex mathematical problems; (3) There is an interaction effect between scaffolding type and working memory capacity, and different scaffolds have differential impacts on students with high and low working memory levels.This study employed a 3×2 nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design with 144 ninth-grade students experiencing difficulties in mathematics as participants, to investigate the impact of instructional scaffolding type (cognitive scaffolding, metacognitive scaffolding, control group) and working memory characteristics (central executive function, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad) on mathematical problem-solving ability. Working memory capacity was assessed using the N-back task, digit span test, and Shape transformation test. The intervention effects were examined using covariance analysis, controlling pretest scores and learning time. The study found that instructional scaffolding had a significant main effect on mathematical problem-solving ability, with metacognitive scaffolding outperforming cognitive scaffolding overall. All three components of working memory significantly impacted mathematical problem-solving ability. There was a significant interaction effect between instructional scaffolding type and working memory characteristics. For students with low central executive function, metacognitive scaffolding was significantly more effective than cognitive scaffolding. In contrast, for students with low phonological loop and low visuospatial sketchpad function, the two types of scaffolding were equally effective. The findings of this study suggest that instructional design should fully consider students' working memory characteristics and provide targeted support for students with different cognitive profiles. When students are primarily limited by the central executive function, metacognitive scaffolding can offer more effective support. In contrast, when students are mainly restricted by basic information-processing components (phonological loop or visuospatial sketchpad), cognitive scaffolding is more effective. This differentiated pattern provides a scientific basis for developing personalized teaching strategies. Future research could explore the long-term effects and transferability of scaffolded instruction, as well as its application in a broader range of subjects and task contexts.
Keywords: Working memory, Instructional scaffolding, Metacognitive scaffolding, Mathematical problem-solving ability