(The) Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov . Volume 4 , The lithic assemblages

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Introduction = 1
• 1.1 The Hula Valley = 3
• 1.1.1 Geography = 3
• 1.1.2 Lake Hula = 3
• 1.1.3 Climate = 3
• 1.1.4 Vegetation = 5
• 1.1.5 Fauna = 5
• 1.1.6 Geology = 5
• 1.1.7 The Hula Valley in the Past = 6
• 2 History of Research = 7
• 2.1 The History of the Benot Ya'aqov Bridges and Their Area = 7
• 2.2 The History of Archaeological Research = 8
• 2.2.1 1934-1937 = 9
• 2.2.2 1951-1968 = 12
• 2.2.3 1981-1989 = 15
• 2.2.4 The Study Area = 16
• 2.2.4.1 The Bar = 16
• 2.2.5 The Excavations = 18
• 2.2.6 December 1999 = 18
• 2.2.7 2005, 2009 = 19
• 2.3 The Archaeological Analyses = 19
• 3 The Site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov = 21
• 3.1 Geographical Location = 21
• 3.1.1 Geographical Landmarks = 23
• 3.2 Geology = 24
• 3.3 Stratigraphy = 28
• 3.3.1 North of the Benot Ya'aqov Bridges = 29
• 3.3.2 The Crusader Fortress = 29
• 3.3.3 The Rosh Pinnah River = 29
• 3.3.4 The Study Area = 29
• 3.3.4.1 The Bar = 29
• 3.3.4.2 The Excavations = 32
• 3.4 Chronology and Dating = 34
• 3.4.1 History of the Age and Date of the BYF = 34
• 3.4.2 Radiometric Dating and Paleomagnetism of the BYF and Its Environs = 36
• 3.5 Raw Materials = 37
• 3.5.1 Basalt = 37
• 3.5.1.1 Origin = 37
• 3.5.2 Flint and Limestone = 38
• 3.5.2.1 Origin = 38
• 3.5.3 Weathering of Raw Materials = 39
• 3.5.3.2 Patination = 41
• 4 Methodology = 43
• 4.1 Field Methodology = 43
• 4.1.1 Grid and Shading = 43
• 4.1.2 The Study Area and Trenches = 44
• 4.1.3 The Excavations = 45
• 4.1.3.1 Datum and Elevations = 46
• 4.1.3.2 Excavation Difficulties and Techniques = 47
• 4.1.4 Maps and Drafting = 49
• 4.1.4.1 Maps = 49
• 4.1.4.2 Cross-Sections (Profiles) = 51
• 4.1.5 Sieving = 51
• 4.1.6 Conservation = 52
• 4.2 Laboratory Methodology = 53
• 4.2.1 Sediment Sorting and Analysis = 53
• 4.2.2 Attribute Lists and Lithic Analysis = 54
• 4.2.2.1 Flakes and Flake Tools = 55
• 4.2.2.2 Cores and Core Tools = 55
• 4.2.2.3 Bifaces : Handaxes and Cleavers = 55
• 4.2.2.4 Natural Nodules = 57
• 4.2.3 Digitization of Maps and Cross-Sections = 57
• 4.3 This Volume = 57
• 4.3.1 Illustrating Lithic Artifacts = 58
• 5 The Lithic Assemblages in Context = 61
• 5.1 The Bar = 62
• 5.2 Area C = 62
• 5.2.1 Layer V-1 (Unconformity C) = 65
• 5.2.2 Layers V-2, V-3, and V-4 = 65
• 5.2.3 Layer V-5 = 65
• 5.2.4 Layer V-6 = 69
• 5.2.5 Jordan Bank (JB) = 69
• 5.2.6 The Enclosure (Jordan River) = 73
• 5.3 Area A = 74
• 5.3.1 Layer I-4 = 75
• 5.3.2 Layer I-5 = 75
• 5.4 Area B = 78
• 5.4.1 Layer II-1 (Unconformity B) = 81
• 5.4.2 Layer II-2 = 82
• 5.4.3 Layer II-2／3 = 83
• 5.4.4 Layer II-3 = 84
• 5.4.5 Layer II-3／4 = 85
• 5.4.6 Layer II-4 = 85
• 5.4.7 Layer II-5 = 86
• 5.4.8 Layer II-5／6 = 87
• 5.4.9 Layer II-6 = 87
• 5.4.10 Layer II-6／7 = 103
• 5.4.11 Layer II-7 (Layer IV-7) = 103
• 5.4.12 Layers II-7／8 and II-8 = 108
• 5.4.13 Layer II-12 = 113
• 5.4.14 Trench II = 114
• 5.4.15 Layer IV-25 = 115
• 6 The Flint Component = 119
• 6.1 Inventory and Taphonomy of the Flint Component = 119
• 6.1.1 Inventory of the Flint Component = 119
• 6.1.2 Taphonomy of the Flint Component = 119
• 6.2 Typology of Flint Flake Tools and Core Tools = 121
• 6.2.1 Typology of Flake Tools = 121
• 6.2.1.1 Discussion : Typology and Characteristics of Flake Tools = 162
• 6.2.2 Typology of Core Tools = 181
• 6.3 Technology of Flint Flakes = 185
• 6.3.1 Unretouched Flint Flakes = 185
• 6.3.1.1 Eclats de Taille de Biface = 190
• 6.3.1.2 Dorsally Plain (Kombewa) Flakes = 195
• 6.3.1.3 Ventral Removals = 200
• 6.3.2 Core Management Pieces = 201
• 6.4 Classification and Technology of Cores and Core Tools = 201
• 6.4.1 Cores = 203
• 6.4.2 Diverse Waste Artifacts = 219
• 6.5 Discussion and Summary of the Flint Component = 223
• 6.5.1 The Flint Reduction Sequences = 223
• 6.5.1.1 Percussor Techniques = 225
• 6.5.1.2 Cores = 227
• 6.5.1.3 The Levallois Method = 230
• 6.5.1.4 Tools = 232
• 7 The Basalt Component = 237
• 7.1 Inventory and Taphonomy of the Basalt Component = 237
• 7.1.1 Inventory of the Basalt Component = 237
• 7.1.2 Taphonomy of the Basalt Component = 237
• 7.2 Typology of Basalt Flake Tools = 241
• 7.3 Technology of Basalt Flakes = 250
• 7.3.1 Unretouched Flakes = 251
• 7.3.1.1 Large Flakes = 251
• 7.3.1.2 Small Flakes = 255
• 7.3.2 Unretouched Special Flakes = 259
• 7.3.2.1 Siret Flakes (Brut) = 260
• 7.3.2.2 Kombewa and Dorsally Plain Flakes (DPF) = 263
• 7.3.2.3 Biface Sharpening Flakes = 269
• 7.3.2.4 Eclats de Mille de Biface = 269
• 7.3.2.5 Flakes with Ventral Removals = 272
• 7.3.2.6 Core Management Pieces = 274
• 7.3.3 Giant Core Special Waste Products = 274
• 7.3.3.1 Shoulder / Corner Flakes = 276
• 7.3.3.2 Slice Flakes = 281
• 7.3.3.3 Wedge-Like Flakes = 284
• 7.3.3.4 Giant Flakes = 286
• 7.3.3.5 Waste of Giant Cores = 286
• 7.3.3.6 Flakes of Biface Morphology = 287
• 7.4 Typology and Technology of Basalt Cores and Core Tools = 298
• 7.4.1 Percussive Tools : Percussors, Pitted Stones, and Thin Anvils = 298
• 7.4.1.1 Percussors = 298
• 7.4.2 Pitted Stones = 306
• 7.4.3 Thin Anvils = 313
• 7.4.4 Modified Artifacts = 319
• 7.4.5 Core Tools = 320
• 7.4.5.1 Chopping Tools = 320
• 7.4.5.2 Other Basalt Core Tools = 320
• 7.4.6 Angular Fragments = 321
• 7.4.7 Basalt Cores = 323
• 7.4.7.1 Cores = 323
• 7.4.7.2 Giant Cores = 323
• 7.5 Bifacial Tools = 331
• 7.5.1 Methodology of Biface Analyses = 332
• 7.5.2 Raw Materials and Taphonomic Characteristics = 332
• 7.5.2.1 Raw Materials = 332
• 7.5.2.2 Preservation and Patination = 333
• 7.5.2.3 Breakage = 335
• 7.5.3 Technological Characteristics = 337
• 7.5.3.1 Size = 337
• 7.5.3.2 Blank Type = 338
• 7.5.3.3 Direction of Blow = 341
• 7.5.3.4 Striking Platforms = 342
• 7.5.4 Modification and Design = 346
• 7.5.4.1 Type of Retouch = 348
• 7.5.4.2 Quantity of Retouch = 351
• 7.5.4.3 Location of Retouch = 352
• 7.5.5 Morphology of Bifaces = 353
• 7.5.5.1 Morphology of Basalt Handaxes = 355
• 7.5.5.2 Morphology of Flint Handaxes = 360
• 7.5.5.3 Morphology of Basalt Cleavers = 362
• 7.5.6 Typology of Bifaces = 365
• 7.5.6.1 Typology of Basalt Handaxes = 366
• 7.5.6.2 Typology of Flint Handaxes = 369
• 7.5.6.3 Typology of Cleavers = 370
• 7.5.6.4 Predetermination of Cleavers = 370
• 7.6 Discussion and Summary of the Basalt Component = 371
• 7.6.1 Reduction Sequences of Basalt Percussive Tools = 373
• 7.6.2 The Biface Reduction Sequence = 374
• 7.6.2.1 Reduction Strategies of Giant Cores = 374
• 7.6.2.2 Biface Design Strategies = 376
• 7.6.2.3 Biface Modification and Morphology = 377
• 8 The Limestone Component = 379
• 8.1 Inventory and Taphonomy of the Limestone Component = 379
• 8.1.1 Inventory of the Limestone Component = 379
• 8.1.2 Taphonomy of the Limestone Component = 380
• 8.2 Typology and Technology of the Limestone Flakes and Flake Tools = 381
• 8.3 Typology and Technology of the Limestone Cores and Core Tools = 385
• 8.3.1 Percussors = 385
• 8.3.2 Modified Artifacts = 391
• 8.3.3 Chopping Tools = 392
• 8.3.4 Pitted Stones = 392
• 8.3.5 Cores and Other Core Tools = 393
• 8.4 Discussion and Summery of the Limestone Component = 394
• 9 Discussion and Conclusions = 397
• 9.1 The GBY Lithic Assemblages = 398
• 9.1.1 The Different Raw Materials and Their Reduction Sequences = 399
• 9.1.1.1 Flint = 399
• 9.1.1.2 Basalt = 401
• 9.1.1.3 Limestone = 402
• 9.1.1.4 A Comparative View = 402
• 9.1.2 Typological and Technological Characteristics of the GBY Lithic Assemblages = 403
• 9.1.2.1 Typological Characteristics = 403
• 9.1.2.2 Percussive Techniques = 405
• 9.1.2.3 Core Reduction Methods = 406
• 9.1.2.4 Removal of Striking Platform = 407
• 9.1.3 Cultural Variability and Conservatism = 408
• 9.1.3.1 Variability = 408
• 9.1.3.2 Conservatism = 412
• 9.2 Hominin Behavior at GBY = 413
• 9.2.1 Mobility = 413
• 9.2.1.1 Lithics = 413
• 9.2.1.2 Plant and Animal Resources = 415
• 9.2.2 Social Aspects = 416
• 9.2.2.1 Division of Labor = 416
• 9.2.2.2 Group Size = 417
• 9.2.3 Home Base - The Preferred Locale = 420
• 9.2.3.1 GBY as a Preferred Locale = 420
• 9.2.3.2 The Diversified Nature of Home = 420
• 9.2.4 Cognition = 421
• 9.3 Final Words = 424
• References = 427
• Appendix 1 : The Hula Reclamation Project and Its Implications for the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov Site = 435
• Appendix 2 : Typological List = 443
• Appendix 3 : List of Attributes for Flakes and Flake Tools = 445
• Appendix 4 : List of Attributes for Cores and Core Tools = 447
• Appendix 5 : List of Attributes for Handaxes = 449
• Appendix 6 : List of Attributes for Cleavers = 451
• Appendix 7 : A Comparison of Length of Flint Flake Tools = 453
• Index = 455