Main trends of research in the social and human sciences

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [Volume. 1]----------
• CONTENTS
• PREFACE / Ren$$\acute e$$ Maheu, Director-General of Unesco = ⅸ
• FOREWORD / Samy Friedman = xxix
• INTRODUCTION : The place of the sciences of man in the system ofsciences / Jean Piaget = 1
• Classification Of social disciplines and 'human sciences' = 1
• Major trends in the history of the nomothetic sciences = 7
• Special epistemological features and foundations of the sciences of man = 15
• Experimental methods and the analysis of factual data = 25
• The sciences of man and the great philosophical or ideological trends = 33
• The sciences of man,'the natural sciences and the system of sciences = 38
• Major theoretical trends: forecast and explanation = 45
• Specialization and integration; basic research and applications = 51
• Notes = 56
• 1. Main trends of research in the different social sciences
• CHAPTER ⅠSociology / P. F. Lazarsfeld = 61
• Introduction = 61
• Conceptual contribution of survey analysis to general sociology = 64
• Macrosociology = 76
• Quest for theory = 90
• National variations in sociological activities = 119
• Sociology and the other social sciences = 130
• Notes = 152
• CHAPTER Ⅱ Political science / W. J. M. Mackenzie = 166
• Introduction = 166
• Delimitation of scope = 167
• Ecology of political science = 180
• Research in progress = 185
• Concluding remarks = 217
• Notes = 221
• CHAPTER Ⅲ Psychology / Jean Piaget = 225
• Scientific psychology and philosophy = 226
• Empiricism without structuralism and the need for explanation in psychology = 229
• The organicist trend and the relations of psychology and biology = 235
• The physicalist trend and the various levels of perception = 239
• Psycho-sociological trends and the interactions between the general and the social = 242
• Psychoanalytic research into mental specificity = 248
• The specificityofbehaviourand thestructuresofmemory = 252
• Psychogenetic structuralism with reference to animals and children and theories of the intelligence = 258
• Abstract models = 263
• Relationships between psychology and other sciences = 269
• The applications of psychology: basic research and 'applied' psychology = 274
• Notes = 280
• CHAPTER Ⅳ Economics = 283
• Introduction = 283
• The development of economics and its place among the sciences of man = 284
• Economic thinking, models and methods = 302
• Some of the major issues facing economics today = 322
• Conclusion = 343
• Notes = 344
• CHAPTER Ⅴ Demography / Jean Bourgeois-Pichat = 351
• General considerations concerning demographic research = 351
• Demographic'research and biology = 356
• Demographic research and economic development = 368
• Demographic research and human ecology = 378
• Demographic research and sociology = 381
• Demographic research and means of observation = 383
• The contribution of demographic research to the other sciences = 385
• Organization of demographic research = 387
• Survey of the present situation = 394
• A few closing remarks = 406
• Notes = 407
• References = 409
• CHAPTER Ⅵ Linguistics / Roman Jakobson = 419
• Relationship between the science of language and other sciences = 419
• Sources cited = 448
• Essentials and goals of contemporary linguistics = 453
• Recent surveys of current linguistic issues(1958-1968) = 461
• 2. Interdisciplinary aspects of research
• CHAPTER Ⅶ General problems of interdisciplinary research and common mechanisms / Jean Piaget = 467
• Position of the problems = 467
• Structures and rules (or norms) = 479
• Functioning and values = 493
• Meanings and their systems = 510
• Conclusion : the subject of knowledge and the human sciences = 521
• Notes = 526
• CHAPTER Ⅷ Mathematical models and methods / Raymond Boudon = 529
• Interduction = 529
• The traditional uses of mathematics in the human sciences = 530
• The major trends characterizing the applications of mathematical methods and models in the human sciences = 536
• The different types of models = 556
• The future = 573
• Notes = 575
• CHAPTER Ⅸ Problem-focused research / Pierre de Bie = 578
• Introduction = 578
• Problem-focused research = 579
• The multi disciplinary dimension = 596
• The difficulties of problem-focused re-search = 610
• Condition of multidisciplinary problem-focused re-search = 626
• Notes = 641
• CHAPTER Ⅹ Cross-cultural, cross-societal and cross-national research / Stein Rokkan = 645
• Some elementary distinctions = 645
• Three traditions of comparative research = 655
• The decisive challenge: the construction of typologies of 'macro' settings for variations in human behaviour = 666
• The organizational infrastructure = 676
• Notes = 683
• 3. Science policy and development of research in the social sciences
• CHAPTER XI The organization and financing of research / Eric Trist = 693
• Nature and scope of the inquiry : social research as a policy concern = 693
• Survey of country groupings : current trends in the United States = 699
• transition in Western Eupope = 725
• new patterns in Eastern Eupope = 746
• developing the social sciences in the developing world = 763
• Analysis and commentary : building organizational capability = 779
• changing the scientigic value system = 786
• describing the resource base = 793
• the search for a policy for the social sciences = 798
• Bibliography = 803
• SUBJECT INDEX = 813
• [Volume. 2(1)]----------
• CONTENTS
• Preface / Amadou-MahtarM'Bow(Director-GeneralofUnesco) = XIII
• Foreword / Jacques Havet = XXI
• 1. ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SCIENCES = 1
• Chapter Ⅰ. Social and cultural anthropology / Maurice FREEDMAN = 3
• Introduction = 5
• Acknowledgments = 6
• A. CO-ORDINATES OF STUDY IN TIME AND SPACE = 8
• B. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY BETWEEN OPPOSITE ATTRACTIONS = 18
• 1. Culture and society = 18
• 2. Antiquarianism and up-to-date-ness = 20
• 3. Description and theory = 22
• 4. Science and art = 24
• 5. Comparison and particularism = 27
• 6. Structure and history = 29
• 7. Evolutionism and functionalism = 31
• C. THE MAIN FIELDS OF STUDY = 33
• 1. Kinship and marriage = 33
• 2. Politics and government = 39
• 3. Law in the context of social control = 42
• 4. Economics = 45
• 5. Religion and ritual = 49
• 6. Visual art = 54
• 7. Music = 59
• 8. Literature = 62
• 9. Technology = 67
• D. FAMILIES OF STYLES AND PROBLEMS = 72
• 1. Functionalism = 72
• 2. Evolutionism = 76
• 3. Structuralism = 79
• 4. Ethnohistory = 84
• 5. Approaches from linguistics = 87
• 6. Approaches from psychology = 91
• 7. Approaches from ethology = 94
• 8. Social and cultural change: applied anthropology = 97
• E. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH = 105
• 1. The practice of field work = 105
• 2. Statistical methods in field work = 109
• 3. Large-scale comparison = 111
• 4. Mathematics, computers, and formal analysis = 114
• 5. Techniques for the study of complex societies and situations = 122
• F. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS = 126
• G. EPILOGUE - REFLECTIONS ON THE CULTURE OF DIVERSITY = 131
• LIST OF WORKS CITED = 138
• Chapter Ⅱ. Archaeology and prehistory / Sigfried J. DE LAET = 177
• Foreword = 178
• INTRODUCTION = 190
• A. ARCHAEOLOGY = 183
• 1. Archaeological reconnaissance = 183
• 2. Archaeological excavation = 184
• 3. Description and classification of archaeological material = 18
• 4. Researcb on the origins of artefacts = 190
• 5. 'Functional' analysis of archaeological remains = 191
• 6. The dating of archaeological material = 191
• 7. Publication of archaeological material = 193
• 8. Problems of conservation and restoration of archaeological material = 194
• 9. Geographical and chronological extension of archaeology.
• International co-ordination of archaeological work = 195
• B. PREHISTORY = 196
• 1 . Prehistory and its subdivisions = 196
• 2. Sources for prehistoric studies = 197
• 3. Classification of the sources of prehistoric archaeology = 197
• 4. Problems of interpretation in prehistoric archaeology = 199
• (a) Multidisciplinary approach to problems of interpretation = 200
• (b) Interest in the methodology, criteriology and philosophy of prehistory = 202
• 5. Ideological currents and schools in prehistoric archaeology = 204
• 6. The organization of research = 206
• 7. The influence of prehistory upon historical research = 207
• ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS OF RE-SEARCH IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY = 207
• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ANNEX = 215
• Chapter Ⅲ. History(Geoffrey BARRACLOUGH) = 227
• 1. HISTORY IN A CHANGING WORLD : FROM THE CLOSE OF THE NINE-TEENTH CENTURY TO THE SECOND WORLD WAR = 229
• History in the first half of the twentieth century = 233
• The crisis of historicism = 239
• Marxism and Marxist history = 245
• 2. THE SEARCH FOR NEW CONCEPTS AND A NEW METHODOLOGY = 256
• 3. THE IMPACT OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES = 273
• The contribution of sociology and anthropology = 276
• Psychology and history = 292
• Economics and the demographic setting = 300
• Quantification in history = 312
• The present situation = 317
• 4. NEW DIMENSIONS IN HISTORY = 322
• Pre-history = 334
• African history = 337
• New patterns in Latin American history = 342
• Contemporary trends in the history of Asia = 349
• The present situation of historical studies in the Third World = 369
• 5. THE SEARCH FOR MEANING IN HISTORY: NATIONAL HIISTORY, COM-PARATIVE HISTORY, AND 'META-HISTORY' = 375
• National history and regional history = 377
• The prospects of world history = 381
• Philosophy of history and 'meta-history' = 391
• Comparative history = 396
• 6. THE ORGANIZATION OF HISTORICAL WORK = 405
• Accessibility of material and organization of archives = 411
• The impact of new trchniques = 420
• Universities, academies, institutes = 425
• The place of the individual historian = 431
• 7. PRESENT-DAY TRENDS AND PROBLEMS: SOME CONCLUDING OBSER-VATIONS = 433
• LIST OF WORKS CITED = 443
• 2. AESTHETICS AND THE SCIENCES OF ART / Mikel DUFRENNE ET AL. = 489
• Foreword = 491
• Chapter Ⅳ. Art and the science of art today = 503
• SECTION ONE : THE SITUATION AND MEANING OF ART TODAY = 505
• A. Inthe Westrn countries / Mikel DUFRENNE = 506
• 1. The present state of art = 506
• (a) The transformation of the means of presentation, repro-duction and distribution = 508
• (b) The means of production and new fields = 511
• (c) The economic status of art and the freedom of the artist = 513
• (d) The world around us = 514
• 2. The artist's reaction = 516
• B. In the Socialist countries (B$$\acute e$$1a K$$\ddot o$$pEczt) = 521
• 1. The cultural revolution and the public = 521
• 2. The position of the artist = 522
• 3 Works = 523
• 4. Foundation and development of the Marxist theory of art = 524
• (a) Art as reflexion of reality = 524
• (b) Art and society = 528
• (d) Socialist realism = 533
• C. In the non- Western countries / Mikel DUFRENNE = 535
• 1. The ideology = 536
• 2. The works = 545
• 3. Scientific study of literary and artistic expression = 547
• SECTION TWO: THE PHILOSOP141CAL SCENE = 551
• 1. The demystifying philosophies = 552
• 2. Marxism = 553
• 3. Phenomenology and existentialism = 555
• 4. Neo-positivism = 557
• SECTION THREE: THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES = 561
• 1. The historical approach / B$$acute e$$la K$$ddot o$$peczi = 561
• Ⅰ. Current production in the history of literature and art = 561
• Ⅱ. General problems and main starting-points of research = 564
• Ⅲ. The new trends = 58
• (A) History of art-history of ideas and civilization = 568
• (B) History of art-history of forms and structures = 573
• (C) History of art-the comprehensive approach = 578
• 2. The comparative approach / ETIEMBLF = 585
• 3. The sociological approach / Jacques LEENHARDT = 595
• 4. The experimental approach / Robert FRANCTS = 606
• Ⅰ. Aesthetic judgements and values = 607
• Ⅱ. The conditions for inter-cultural artistic communication = 610
• Ⅲ. Form conceived and form perceived in contemporary art = 612
• Ⅳ. Creative actions of artists and automatic art = 614
• 5. The psychological approach (Mikel DUFRENNE, with the colla-boration of A. WELLEK and M.-J. BAUDINET) = 616
• Ⅰ. The psychology of music hearing / Albert WELLEK = 617
• Ⅱ. The psychology of vision / Marie-Jos6 BAUDINET = 623
• Ⅲ. The psychology of reading / Mikel DUFRENNE = 631
• 6. The psychoanalytical approach / Jean-Frangois LYOTARD = 636
• 7. The anthropological approach / A. A. GERBRANDS = 652
• 8. The serniotic approach / Louis MARIN = 658
• 9. The informational approach / Abraham A. MOLES = 676
• CONCLUSION / Mikel DUFRENNE = 694
• Chapter Ⅴ. Contemporary study of the principal problems inaesthetics and the various arts = 701
• INTRODUCTION = 703
• SECTION ONE: THE STUDY OF GENERAL PROBLEMS = 704
• Introduction = 704
• A. Artistic creation / Mikel DUFRENNE = 704
• Ⅰ. The study of the creator and creativity = 708
• 1. The psychological approach = 709
• (a) Philosophical psychology = 709
• (b) Positive psychology = 710
• (c) The informational approach = 714
• (d) Psycho-analysis = 717
• 2. The historical approach = 725
• 3. The sociologicall approach = 728
• Ⅱ. The study of the object created = 733
• Conclusions = 736
• B. Reception of the work of art (Jacques LEENHARDT) = 739
• 1. Social structures and publics = 739
• 2. The public = 746
• C. Problems of aesthetic calues (Mikel DUFRENNE) = 754
• 1. The sociology of taste = 756
• 2. The semantics of evaluative discourse = 758
• 3. Reversion to value judgements = 760
• SECTION TWO : THE STUDY OF THE VARIOUS ARTS = 766
• Introduction = 766
• Ⅰ. Visual arts (Giulio Carlo ARGAN) = 767
• Ⅱ. Literature (Jean STAROBINSKI) = 776
• 1. Traditions continued = 778
• 2. Indications and causality = 778
• 3. Problems of literary sociology = 779
• 4. Problems of psychological analysis = 781
• 5. Study of form = 784
• Ⅲ. Music (Claude V.PALISCA) = 791
• Ⅳ. The dramatic arts(Andr$$\acute e$$VEINSTEIN) = 803
• 1. The framework of research = 803
• 2. Current trends and research problems = 806
• Ⅴ. The art of cinema / Gianfranco BETTETINI = 810
• Ⅵ. Architecture and town-planning / Francoise CHOAY = 818
• 1. A discipline finding its feet = 818
• 2. General characteristics of current research = 820
• 3. Priorities in eco-praxis : appraisal and changing methods = 825
• 4. Generalized relativization = 830
• 5. Semantics of living space = 834
• Ⅶ. The arts of information and the mass media / Gillo DORFLES = 842
• CONCLUSION / Mikel DUFRENNE = 850
• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ANNEX = 855
• Ⅰ. List of works cited = 855
• Ⅱ. Bibliographical tools = 855
• [Volume. 2(2)]----------
• CONTENTS
• 3. LEGAL SCIENCE / Viktor KNAPP = 921
• Chapter Ⅵ. Legal Science = 923
• Foreword = 925
• SECTION ONE: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Ⅰ. The notion of trends of research in legal science = 929
• Ⅱ. The notion of legal science = 933
• Ⅲ. Geography of law = 937
• SECTION TWO: MAJOR CONTEMPORARY THEORETICAL CURRENTS
• Ⅰ. Introduction (general observations) = 947
• Ⅱ. Western countries = 951
• 1. Dualist theories (natural law) = 952
• 2. Theories which limit the subject-matter of legal knowledge to the law in force = 957
• 3. Sociological theories = 960
• Ⅲ. Socialist countries (the Marxist-Leninist theory of law) = 966
• SECTION THREE: MAJOR TRENDS
• Ⅰ. Introduction (general observations) = 974
• Ⅱ. Methodology = 974
• 1. The application of sociological methods = 975
• 2. Comparative law = 977
• (a) General problems = 977
• (b) Current trends = 983
• 3. Study of the adt)licability to the field of legal science of methods borrowed from the exact sciences = 992
• (a) General problems = 992
• (b) Current trends = 994
• Ⅲ. History of law = 998
• 1. The subject-matter of legal history = 998
• 2. Roman law = 999
• 3. Historia magistra vitae = 1000
• Ⅳ. Law and man = 1001
• 1. Introduction (general observations) = 1001
• 2. Law at the service of man = 1002
• 3. Legal ethnology = 1006
• Ⅴ. Law and democratic practice = 1007
• Ⅵ. Acculturation of law = 1010
• 1. Acculturation of law in countries having recently attained independence = 1012
• 2. Specific problems in the acculturation of Islamic law = 1016
• 3. Specific problems of acculturation of law in Japan = 1019
• 4. Native enclaves = 1016
• Ⅶ. Current trends in the field of international relations = 1021
• 1. International law and current problems of international politics = 1021
• 2. Adaptation of municipal law to the norms of international law 1025
• Ⅷ. New trends due to the upsurge in the natural sciences and the techniques thereby made possible = 1026
• 1. Current trends affecting international law and resulting from developments in the natural sciences: space law = 1027
• 2. Legal implications and problems in connexion with organ transplants = 1030
• EPILOGUE
• 1. Conclusions and prospects = 1035
• 2. Interdisciplinary links = 1038
• 3. Epilogue to the Epilogue = 1043
• BIBLOGRAPHICAL ANNEX
• Ⅰ. Legal bibliographies 1044 SECTION THREE: MAN AND SOCIAL REALITY
• A. General = 1044
• B. Other bibliographies = 1045
• Ⅱ. List of works cited = 1045
• 4. PHILOSOPHY / Paul RICOEUR = 1071
• Foreword = 1073
• Chapter Ⅶ. Modes of thinking and the different classes of reality = 1083
• SECTION ONE: MAN AND HIS FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE: THINKING
• Introduction = 1087
• A. Philosophy of logic = 1088
• 1. Logic and mathematics = 1088
• 2. Mathematical philosophy = 1094
• 3. Philosophy of logic: foundational problems = 1100
• 4. The logic of science = 1105
• 5. Logic and ontology in contemporary Indian and Japanese thought = 1108
• B. Logic ofphilosophy = 1110
• Introduction = 1110
• 1. Analytical philosophy: the task of elucidation = 1110
• (a) 'Scientific philosophy' = 1111
• (b) 'Philosophical logic' = 1116
• 2. The analytical type (contd.): the transcendental approach = 1119
• 3. Synthetic philosophy: non-Marxist systems = 1121
• 4. The synthetic type (contd.): logic and dialectic in dialectical materialism = 1124
• 5. Logic of philosophy and formalization = 1131
• 6. The philosophical significance of the history of philosophy = 1132
• SECTION TWO: MAN AND NATURAL REALITY
• A. Epistemology of the natural sciences = 1149
• 1. Law and theory = 1150
• 2. Probability 1154 politics = 1021
• 3. Induction = 1158
• 4. The logic of discovery = 1164
• B. Theory of natural reality = 1166
• 1. The referent of scientific discourse = 1168
• 2. The categories of reality = 1173
• (a) The notions of event and time = 1173
• (b) The notion of space = 1174
• (c) The idea of cause = 1176
• 3. Levels of reality = 1180
• (a) Biological organization = 1181
• (b) Consciousness = 1183
• 4. The concept of natural reality in dialectical materialism = 1192
• 5. The philosophy of nature = 1199
• 6. Language and ontology = 1206
• 7. Phenomenology and ontology = 1214
• SECION THREE : MAN AND SOCIAL REALITY
• A. The logic of explanation = 1225
• 1. The logic of explanation in the social sciences = 1225
• (a) The subject-matter of the social sciences = 1225
• (b) Explanation = 1225
• (c) Neutrality and value = 1233
• (d) Rationality = 1235
• (e) The distinctive problem of knowledge in the social sciences = 1237
• 2. The logic of explanation in psychology = 1238
• (a) Behaviourism = 1239
• (b) Physicalism old and new = 1244
• (c) Genetic structuralism = 1247
• 3. Psychoanalysis and the human sciences = 1249
• (a) The English-speaking philosophers = 1262
• (b) Soviet philosophy = 1267
• (c) French-language writers = 1273
• B. Social and political philosophy = 1277
• Introduction = 1277
• 1. Philosophy of law and political philosophy = 1278
• (a) Philosophy of law = 1278
• (b) Political philosophy = 1286
• 2. Historical materialism = 1296
• (a) The theory of reflection = 1296
• (b) The relation of individual to social consciousness = 1297
• 3. Man and social reality in a philosophical anthropology = 1305
• (a) Freedom and institutions = 1305
• (b) Power and violence = 1311
• (c) Violence and discourse = 1314
• Chapter Ⅷ. Language, action and humanism = 1319
• SECTION FOUR: MAN AND LANGUAGE
• A. The epistemology of linguistics = 1323
• 1. Structural and transformational linguistics = 1323
• 2. Linguistics and semiology = 1330
• 3. Linguistics and human sciences = 1332
• 4. Linguistics and natural sciences = 1335
• B. Philosophies of'language = 1337
• 1. The 'analytic' approach = 1338
• 2. The phenomenology of langeage = 1344
• 3. Marxism and the philosophical problems of language = 1348
• 4. Philosophical structuralism = 1354
• 5. The 'hermeneutic' current: the interpretation of language = 1359
• 6. Language and ontology according to recent thinkers in the Orient = 1365
• SECTION FIVE: MAN AND ACTION
• A. The theorypfpractl'cal discourse = 1371
• 1. Decision theory and game theory = 1371
• Critical remarks = 1376
• 2. Logic of practical discourse: deontic logic = 1380
• Comments on the limitations of deontic logic = 1384
• 3. Practical reasoning and the theory of argumentation = 1387
• B. Philosophies of action = 1391
• 1. 'Analytic' philosophy and the problems of human action = 1392
• (a) Philosophical psychology = 1392
• (b) Ethical-phiiosophy proper = 1394
• (c) The role of reason in ethics = 1396
• (d) Analytic philosophy and the theory of games = 1402
• 2. Freedom and the philosophy of values' = 1403
• (a) A diverse heritage = 1403
• (b) Contemporary phenomenological research = 1405
• (c) Philosophy of 'values' proper = 1408
• (d) Towards ontology = 1413
• 3. Theory and practice in Marxist philosophy = 1416
• (a) Historical excursus = 1416
• (b) A new understanding of practice = 1418
• (c) Discussions relating to the Marxist conception of practice = 1423
• SECTION SIX: MAN AND THE FOUNDATION OF HUMANISM
• A. ManaccordingtoEasternmodesofthinking = 1429
• B. Man according to Western modes of thinking = 1434
• 1. The analytic conception of man and humanism, and the con-cept of mind = 1434
• 2. Marxism and the discussion of humanism = 1439
• 3. The discussion of humanism in 'Continental' philosophy = 1449
• C. Philosophy of religion = 1470
• Introduction = 1470
• 1. Onto-theology: tradition and renewal = 1471
• 2. The critique of religion in 'analytical philosophy' = 1474
• (a) Has religious language a meaning? = 1475
• (b) Does theological discourse meet the logical and epistemological criteria that are valid in order for any dis-courseto qualify as scientific? = 1470
• 3. The impact of the human sciences on philosophy of religion = 1479
• 4. Religious 'language games' and 'speech-'acts' = 1481
• 5. The hermeneutics of religious language = 1489
• Conclusion. Humanism in search of its foundation = 1489
• LIST OF WORKS CITED = 1491
• SUBJECT INDEX = 1469