A Review on the Characteristics of Air Pollutants Emitted from Passenger Cars in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

On-road source emissions are major air pollutants and have been associated with serious health effects in Seoul metropolis. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to have an accurate assessment of vehicle emissions in order to implement an effective air quality management policy. As a result, there is a need to overview vehicle emission characteristics of air pollutants. This article discusses vehicle exhaust sampling and chemical analysis, emission characteristics of air pollutants, and emission regulations from passenger cars. The vehicle exhaust sampling and chemical analysis methods were described in particulate matter and gaseous compounds. In this article, chassis dynamometer, measurement instrumentation for nano-particulate matter and carbon compounds analysis device were described. For the gasoline and diesel vehicles, the effective parameters of emissions were average vehicle speed, vehicle mileage and model year. The particle number emissions for diesel nano-particles were sensitive to the sampling conditions. Also, the particle number emissions with a diesel particle filter (DPF) largely reduced rather than those without it. This article also describes different emission characteristics of air pollutants according to biodiesel or bioethanol mixing ratio. The Korean emission standards for passenger cars were compared with those of the US and EU. Finally, the objective is to give an overview of relevant background information on emission characteristics of air pollutants from passenger cars in Korea.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 홍희경, "배출허용기준 강화에 따른 차속별 경유 중형트럭의 유해대기오염물질 배출특성" 한국액체미립화학회 20 (20): 121-129, 2015

2 유영숙, "국내 휘발유 승용차의 CO2 배출 현황" 한국자동차공학회 15 (15): 58-64, 2007

3 정성운, "국내 다목적자동차의 오염물질 배출특성 연구" 한국대기환경학회 22 (22): 127-134, 2006

4 손지환, "국내 EGR과 SCR 장착 중형트럭 대기오염물질 배출 특성" 한국액체미립화학회 21 (21): 130-136, 2016

5 DELPHI, "Worldwide Emissions Standards: Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles"

6 Abdul-Khalek I., "The influence of dilution conditions on diesel exhaust particle size distribution measurements" SAE 1999

7 Lue Y.F., "The emission characteristics of a small D.I. diesel engine using biodiesel blended fuels" A36 : 845-859, 2001

8 Koç M, "The effects of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine" 34 : 2101-2106, 2009

9 Ladommatos N., "The effects of carbon dioxide in exhaust gas recirculation on diesel engine emissions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers" 212 : 25-42, 2012

10 Balki MK, "The effect of different alcohol fuels on the performance emission and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine" 115 : 901-906, 2014

11 Balki MK, "The effect of compression ratio on the performance, emissions and combustion of an SI(spark ignition)engine fueled with pure ethanol, methanol and unleaded gasoline" 71 : 194-201, 2014

12 Jung S., "Speeddependent emission of air pollutants from gasolinepowered passenger cars" 32 : 1173-1181, 2011

13 Ntziachristos L., "Speed-dependent representative emission factors for catalyst passenger cars and influencing parameters" 34 : 4611-4619, 2000

14 Giannelli R.A., "Sensitivity Analysis of MOBILE6.0" U.S. EPA 2002

15 van Setten B.A.A.L., "Science and technology of catalytic diesel particulate filters" 43 : 489-564, 2001

16 Wang S., "Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer" 13 : 230-240, 1990

17 Oscar JS, "Review : trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks" 99 : 535-555, 2008

18 Yao X., "Real-time observation of the transformation of ultrafine atmospheric particle modes" 39 : 831-841, 2005

19 Johnson K.C., "Quantifying in-use PM measurement for heavy duty diesel vehicles" 45 : 6073-6079, 2011

20 Twigg M.V., "Progress and future challenges in controlling automotive exhaust gas emissions" 70 : 2-15, 2007

21 Zhuang Y, "Primary investigation to leveraging effect of using ethanol fuel on reducing gasoline fuel consumption" 105 : 425-431, 2013

22 Geller M.D., "Physicochemical and redox characteristics of particulate matter(PM)emitted from gasoline and diesel passenger cars" 40 : 6988-7004, 2006

23 Najafi G, "Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels using artificial neural network" 86 : 630-639, 2009

24 Ozsezen AN, "Performance and combustion characteristics of alcohol–gasoline blends at wideopen throttle" 36 : 2747-2752, 2011

25 Martini G., "On-road emissions of conventional and hybrid vehicles running on neat or fossil fuel blended alternative fuels" SAE 2010

26 ECMT, "OECD Publication Service"

27 National Institute of Environmental Research, "National Air Pollutants Emission 2011"

28 Abdul-Khalek I., "Nanoparticle growth during dilution and cooling of diesel exhaust : Experimental investigation and theoretical assessment" SAE 2000

29 Prashant K., "Nanoparticle emissions from biofuelled vehicles – their characteristics and impact on the number-based regulation of atmospheric particles" 11 : 327-331, 2010

30 Cooper C.D., "Mobile source emission inventories : Monthly or annual average inputs to MOBILE6" 54 : 1006-1010, 2004

31 Hall D.E., "Measurement of the number and size distribution of particle emissions from heavy duty engines" SAE 2000

32 Lee J.H., "Measurement of diesel exhaust particle reduction effect and particle size distribution in a transient cycle mode with an installed diesel particulate filter (DFP)" 1674 : 65-71, 2002

33 H. KIM, "MEASUREMENT OF SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF DIESEL PARTICLES: EFFECTS OF INSTRUMENTS, DILUTION METHODS, AND MEASURING POSITIONS" 한국자동차공학회 6 (6): 119-124, 2005

34 Liang C, "Load characteristics of a sparkignited ethanol engine with DME enrichment" 112 : 500-506, 2013

35 Liang C, "Investigation on the performance of a spark-ignited ethanol engine with DME enrichment" 58 : 19-25, 2012

36 Korea Automotive Environment Center, "Introduction to Automotive Environment" Munundang 2000

37 Jia LW, "Influence of ethanol–gasoline blended fuel on emission characteristics from a four-stroke motorcycle engine" A123 : 29-34, 2005

38 Melo TC, "Hydrous ethanol–gasoline blends – combustion and emission investigation on a Flex-Fuel engine" 97 : 796-804, 2012

39 Merkisz J., "Gaseous and particle emissions results from light duty vehicle with diesel particle filter" SAE 2009

40 Chan T.L., "Gaseous and particle emission factors from the selected on-road petrol/gasoline, diesel, and liquefied petroleum gas vehicles" 21 : 2710-2718, 2007

41 Celik MB, "Experimental determination of suitable ethanol–gasoline blend rate at high compression ratio for gasoline engine" 28 : 396-404, 2008

42 Zhang K., "Evaluation of response time of a portable system for in-use vehicle tailpipe emissions measurement" 42 : 221-227, 2008

43 Durbin T.D., "Evaluation and comparison of portable emissions measurement systems and federal reference methods for emissions from a back-up generator and a diesel truck operated on a chassis dynamometer" 41 : 6199-6204, 2007

44 Niven RK., "Ethanol in gasoline : environmental impacts and sustainability review article" 9 : 535-555, 2005

45 Hsieh WD, "Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol–gasoline blended fuels" 36 : 403-410, 2002

46 Zielinska B., "Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline-fueled vehicles" 54 : 1138-1150, 2004

47 Tammet H., "Electrical Aerosol Spectrometer of Tartu University" 62 : 315-324, 2002

48 Mirme A.A., "Electric Aerosol Spectrometry" Tartu University 1994

49 Lim J., "Effects of driving conditions on diesel exhaust particulates" 58 : 1077-1085, 2008

50 Durbin T.D., "Effects of biodiesel, biodiesel blends, and a synthetic diesel on emissions from light heavy-duty diesel vehicles" 34 : 349-355, 2000

51 Yoon SH, "Effect of undiluted bioethanol on combustion and emissions reduction in a SI engine at various charge air conditions" 97 : 887-890, 2012

52 Al-Hasan M, "Effect of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emission" 44 : 1547-1561, 2003

53 Yucesu HS, "Effect of ethanol–gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in different compression ratios" 26 : 2272-2278, 2006

54 Lapuerta M., "Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions" 34 : 198-223, 2008

55 Laakso L., "Diurnal and annual characteristics of particles mass and number concentrations in urban, rural and artic environments in Finland" 37 : 2629-2641, 2003

56 EU, "Directive 98/69/EC" 41 : L350-, 1998

57 이석환, "Diesel, DME, Bio-diesel 연료가 실제 도로 주행 조건에서 입자상물질 배출에 미치는 영향 파악" 한국자동차공학회 20 (20): 88-97, 2012

58 Diane U.K., "Development of a particle number and particle mass vehicle emissions inventory for an urban fleet" 24 : 1323-1331, 2009

59 Keogh D.U., "Development of a particle number and particle mass vehicle emissions inventory for an urban fleet" 24 : 1323-1331, 2009

60 Seigneur C., "Current understanding of ultrafine particulate matter emitted from mobile sources" 59 : 3-17, 2009

61 European Environmental Agency, "Copert ?-Computer program to calculate emissions from road transport (Methodology and emission factors)"

62 Banerjee S, "Commercializing lignocellulosic bioethanol : technology bottlenecks and possible remedies" 4 : 77-93, 2010

63 Schifter I, "Combustion characterization in a single cylinder engine with mid-levels hydrated ethanol–gasoline blended fuels" 103 : 292-298, 2013

64 Schifter I, "Combustion and emissions behavior for ethanol–gasoline blends in a single cylinder engine" 90 : 3586-3592, 2011

65 CFR, "Code of Federal Regulations Title 40: Protection of Environment, Part 1065 - Engine Testing"

66 CFR, "Code of Federal Regulation Title 40: Protection of environment Chapter I – Subchapter C"

67 Maricq M.M., "Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review" 38 : 1079-1118, 2007

68 Wong C.P., "Characterization of diesel exhaust particle number and size distribution using mini-dilution tunnel and ejector-diluter measurement techniques" 37 : 4435-4446, 2003

69 Wong C.P., "Characterization of diesel exhaust particle number and size distribution using mini-dilution tunnel and ejector-diluter measurement techniques" 37 : 4435-4446, 2003

70 Morawska L., "Characteristics of particle number and mass concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane; Australia" 37 : 4195-4203, 2003

71 Panga X, "Carbonyls emission from ethanol-blended gasoline and biodiesel-ethanoldiesel used in engines" 42 : 1349-1358, 2008

72 Sajal S.P., "An on-road motor vehicle emissions inventory for Denver : an efficient alternative to modeling" 36 : 5177-5184, 2002

73 Greenwood S.J., "An investigation to determine the exhaust particulate size distributions for diesel, petrol, and compressed natural gas fueled vehicles" SAE 1996

74 Johnson T., "An Engine Exhaust Particle Size TM Spectrometer for Transient Emission Particle Measurements" 2003

75 Korea Ministry of Environment, "Air quality conservation law"

76 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "AP-42Emission Factor (Volume II: Mobile Sources)" 2002

77 Kwon S., "A study on the characteristic of nano-particle exhausted from vehicle" Hanyang University 2008

78 Khair, M.K., "A review of diesel particulate filter technologies" SAE 2003

79 Guerrassi. N., "A common rail injection system for high speed direct injection engines" SA E 2003

80 Suresh A., "A Study of the dilution effects on particle size measurement from a heavy-duty diesel engine with EGR" SAE 2001

81 Huang C., "A PEMS study of the emissions of gaseous pollutants and ultrafine particles from gasoline-and diesel-fueled vehicles" 77 : 703-710, 2013