European glacial landscapes : the last deglaciation

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of contributors = xv
• About the editors = xix
• Part I. Introduction / David Pa/acios ; Nuria Andres ; Philip D. Hughes ; Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz = 1
• 1. Introduction = 3
• 1.1 The importance of the Last Deglaciation in the European landscape = 3
• 1.2 The intensity of climatic changes during the Last Deglaciation and the delineation of the main subperiods = 4
• 1.3 Objectives of the book = 5
• 1.4 The glaciated European regions = 6
• 1.5 The European landscapes shaped during the different periods of the Last Deglaciation = 6
• 1.6 Standardised ages cited in the book = 7
• References = 8
• 2. The terminations of the glacial cycles / David Palacios ; Philip D. Hughes ; Mana F. Sanchez-Goni ; Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz ; Nuria Andres = 11
• 2.1 The origin of glacial terminations = 11
• 2.2 The trigger and pattern of the glacial terminations = 12
• 2.3 The onset of the Last Deglaciation (Termination I) = 15
• 2.4 The dynamics of glacial terminations = 17
• 2.5 Conclusions = 18
• References = 19
• 3. Previous synthesis of the Last Deglaciation in Europe / Jose M. Garcfa-Ruiz = 25
• References = 27
• Part II. Climate changes during the Last Deglaciation in the Eastern North Atlantic region = 31
• 4. Introduction to the Last Deglaciation climate / Filipa Naughton ; Maria F. Sanchez-Goni ; Amaelle Landais ; Teresa Rodrigues ; Natalia Vazquez Riveiros ; Samuel Toucanne = 33
• References = 35
• 5. Heinrich Stadial 1 / Filipa Naughton ; Samuel Toucanne ; Amaelle Lan dais ; Teresa Rodrigues ; Natalia Vazquez Riveiros ; Maria F. Sanchez-Goni = 37
• 5.1 Definition and timing of the HS 1 = 37
• 5.2 The pre-HS 1 and the two phases of HS 1 in the eastern North Atlantic and Europe = 38
• 5.2.1 Pre-HS1 (-2 0 -1 9 ka) = 38
• 5.2.2 First phase of HS 1 = 38
• 5.2.3 The second phase of HS 1 = 40
• References = 41
• 6. The Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / Filipa Naughton ; Maria F. Sanchez-Goni ; Amaelle Lan dais ; Teresa Rodrigues ; Natalia Vazquez Riveiros ; Samuel Toucanne = 45
• 6.1 Definition, timing and causes of the Bølling-Allerød episode = 45
• 6.2 The impact of B-A in the eastern North Atlantic and Europe = 47
• References = 48
• 7. The Younger Dryas Stadial / Filipa Naughton ; Mana F. Sanchez-Goni ; Amaelle Landais ; Teresa Rodrigues ; Natalia Vazquez Riveiros ; Samuel Toucanne = 51
• 7.1 Definition, timing and causes of the Younger Dryas Stadial = 51
• 7.2 The impact of YD in the eastern North Atlantic and Europe = 52
• 7.2.1 YDa(~12.9-12.7 kyr cal BP) = 52
• 7.2.2 YDb (~12 .7-12.4 kyr cal BP) = 52
• 7.2.3 YDc (~12 .4-12.0 kyr cal BP) = 55
• 7.2.4 YDd (~12.0-11.7 kyr cal BP) = 55
• References = 55
• Part III. The European glacial landforms during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) = 59
• 8. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from deglaciation / Jose M Garaa-Ruiz ; David Palacios ; Philip D. Hughes ; Nuria Andres = 61
• References = 64
• Section 1 : The European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) = 69
• 9. European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) / Monica C.M. Winsborrow ; Anna L.C. Hughes ; Sarah L. Greenwood = 71
• 9.1 European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during the main deglaciation = 71
• 9.2 Main deglaciation landscapes and landforms of the EISC = 76
• 9.3 Ice streams of the EISC = 77
• 9.4 Outlook = 79
• References = 80
• 10. Fennoscandia : glacial landforms during initial deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) / Sarah L. Greenwood ; Anna L.C. Hughes ; Rachael S. Avery = 85
• 10.1 Denmark and Skåne = 85
• 10.2 Baltic Sea = 88
• 10.3 Fennoscandian Shield = 88
• 10.4 Scandinavian mountains = 91
• 10.5 Conclusions = 91
• References = 92
• 11. Northern Central Europe : glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.9 ka) / Leszek Marks ; Albertas Bitinas ; Miroslaw Btaszkiewicz ; Andreas Borner ; Rimante Guobyte ; Vincent Rinterknecht ; Karol Tylmann = 95
• References = 101
• 12. European Russia : glacial landforms during deglaciation / Olga Korsakova ; Andrey Vashkov ; Olga Nosova = 105
• 12.1 Introduction = 105
• 12.2 Vepsa Stade landforms (17-15 cal ka BP) = 106
• 12.3 Krestsy Stade landforms (16.7-16.0 cal ka BP) = 106
• 12.4 Luga Stade landforms (15.7-14.6 ka BP) = 108
• 12.5 Conclusion = 109
• References = 109
• 13. The Eurasian Arctic : glacial landforms during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) / Mariana Esteves ; Henry Patton ; Monica C.M. Winsborrow = 111
• 13.1 Introduction = 111
• 13.2 Barents Sea = 112
• 13.2.1 High Arctic islands and archipelagos = 113
• 13.2.2 Kara Sea and Arctic Russia = 115
• References = 116
• 14. The North Sea and Mid-Norwegian continental margin : glacial landforms during deglaciation, the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial and the Younger Dryas Stadial / Berit Oline Hjelstuen ; Hans Petter Sejrup = 119
• References = 126
• 15. Britain and Ireland : glacial landforms during deglaciation / Philip D. Hughes ; Chris D. Clark ; Philip L. Gibbard ; Neil F. Glasser ; Matt D. Tomkins = 129
• 15.1 Introduction = 129
• 15.2 Climatic context = 129
• 15.3 Rapid retreat, thinning and break-up of the British-Irish Ice Sheet = 131
• 15.4 Readvance and stabilisation - the evidence from onshore = 132
• 15.5 Conclusions = 137
• References = 137
• Section 2 : European regions that were not covered by the EISC = 141
• 16. The Polar Ural Mountains : deglaciation history / John Inge Svendsen ; Jan Mangerud ; Dmitry Nazarov ; Carl Regnell = 143
• 16.1 Introduction and background = 143
• 16.2 The lake basins of Bol. Shchuchye and Mal. Shchuchye = 145
• 16.3 Deglaciation chronology = 147
• References = 147
• 17. Iceland : glacial landforms during deglaciation / Ivar Orn Benediktsson ; Skafti Brynjolfsson ; Lovisa Asbjornsdottir = 149
• 17.1 The onset of deglaciation of the Iceland ice sheet = 149
• 17.2 Deglaciation of the Iceland shelf = 150
• 17.3 Ice sheet collapse and the formation of marine limit shorelines = 152
• References = 154
• 18. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the deglaciation / Jerzy Zasadni ; Piotr K/apyta ; Michal Makos = 157
• 18.1 The Tatra Mountains and their palaeoenvironmental condition before and during the deglaciation = 157
• 18.2 History of research on the deglaciation = 159
• 18.3 Landscape evolution of the High Tatras during the deglaciation = 159
• 18.4 Landscape evolution of the Western Tatras during the deglaciation = 161
• 18.5 Moraine and rock glacier interaction during the deglaciation = 161
• 18.6 Final remarks = 163
• References = 163
• 19. The Romanian Carpathians : glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) / Petru Urdea ; Florina Ardelean, Mircea Ardelean ; Alexandru Onaca = 165
• 19.1 Eastern Carpathians = 167
• 19.2 Southern Carpathians = 167
• 19.3 Apuseni Mountains = 170
• References = 172
• 20. The Alps : glacial landforms during the deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) / Susan Ivy-Ochs ; Giovanni Monegato ; Jurgen M. Reitner
• References = 181
• 21. The Pyrenees : environments and landforms in the aftermath of the LGM (18.9-14.6 ka) / Magali Delmas ; Yanni Gunnell ; Marc Calvet ; Theo Reixach ; Marc Oliva = 185
• 21.1 Introduction = 185
• 21.2 The early LGIT in the eastern Pyrenees = 186
• 21.2.1 Two stillstand positions in the upper Ariege valley during the early LGIT = 186
• 21.2.2 Spatial variation of glaciation, with palaeoclimatic implications = 190
• 21.2.3 Post-LGM glacier recession and readvance in the Carlit massif = 190
• 21.3 The early LGIT in the central and western Pyrenees = 193
• 21.3.1 Noguera de Tor and Noguera Ribagorqana = 193
• 21.3.2 Garonne valley = 195
• 21.3.3 Esera valley = 195
• 21.3.4 Upper Gallego valley = 195
• 21.4 Conclusions = 199
• References = 199
• 22. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Iberian Mountains during the deglaciation / Marc Oliva ; Nuria Andres ; Jose M. Fernandez- Fernandez ; David Palacios = 201
• 22.1 The Iberian Mountains and their palaeoenvironment during the deglaciation = 201
• 22.2 The deglaciation in the Cantabrian Mountains = 202
• 22.3 The deglaciation in the NW Ranges = 202
• 22.4 The deglaciation in the Iberian Range = 204
• 22.5 The deglaciation in the Central Range = 205
• 22.6 The deglaciation in the Sierra Nevada = 205
• 22.7 Synthesis of the deglaciation in the Iberian Mountains = 205
• References = 207
• 23. The Italian Mountains : glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) / Adriano Ribolini ; Matteo Spagnolo ; Carlo Giraudi = 209
• 23.1 Introduction = 209
• 23.2 The role of stratigraphic markers in the glacial chronology = 209
• 23.3 Northern Apennines = 211
• 23.4 Central Apennines = 212
• 23.5 Southern Apennines = 216
• 23.6 Final remarks = 217
• Acknowledgments = 218
• References = 218
• Further reading = 220
• 24. The Balkans : glacial landforms during deglaciation / Philip D. Hughes ; James L. Allard ; Jamie C. Woodward ; Richard J.J. Pope = 221
• 24.1 The evidence of glaciation and deglaciation over the period 18.9-14.6 ka = 221
• 24.2 Greece = 222
• 24.3 North Macedonia = 225
• 24.4 Kosovo = 226
• 24.5 Montenegro = 226
• 24.6 Bosnia = 226
• 24.7 Croatia = 227
• 24.8 Bulgaria = 227
• 24.9 Summary : glacier advance, stabilisation, and retreat in the deglaciation interval 18.9-14.6 ka = 227
• References = 229
• 25. The Anatolian Mountains : glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) / Philip D. Hughes ; James L. Allard ; Jamie C. Woodward ; Richard J.J. Pope = 233
• 25.1 Introduction = 233
• 25.2 Eastern Black Sea Mountains = 234
• 25.3 Western Taurus Mountains = 235
• 25.4 Central Taurus Mountains = 236
• 25.5 Northwestern Anatolia = 236
• 25.6 Central Anatolia = 236
• 25.7 The Anatolian Mountains during deglaciation : a synthesis = 237
• References = 239
• Section 3 : Synthesis of Part III = 241
• 26. The European glacial landscapes from the main deglaciation / Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz ; Philip D. Hughes ; David Palacios ; Nuria Andres = 243
• 26.1 Introduction = 243
• 26.2 Glacial evolution and landforms of the European Ice Sheet Complex = 244
• 26.3 Glacial evolution and landforms in mountain areas = 251
• 26.4 Similarities and differences between regions and their causes = 252
• 26.5 Pending research = 254
• 26.6 The 18.9-14.6 ka period : The beginning of the end = 255
• References = 255
• Part IV. The European glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) = 261
• 27. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / David Palacios ; Philip D. Hughes ; Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz ; Nuria Andres = 263
• 27.1 The concept of the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 263
• 27.2 Bølling-Allerød Interstadial versus Antarctic Cold Reversal = 264
• 27.3 The meaning of the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial in the evolution of glacial landscapes = 265
• 27.4 Conclusions = 266
• References = 266
• Section 1 : European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) = 271
• 28. European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) / Sarah L. Greenwood ; Monica C.M. Winsborrow ; Anna L.C. Hughes = 273
• 28.1 EISC evolution during the Bølling-Allerød = 273
• 28.2 Bølling-Allerød landscapes and landforms of the EISC = 277
• 28.3 The role of meltwater in ice sheet and glacial landscape development = 278
• 28.4 Outlook = 281
• References = 282
• 29. Fennoscandia : glacial landforms during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) / Sarah L. Greenwood ; Anna L.C. Hughes ; Rachael S. Avery = 287
• 29.1 Fennoscandian Shield = 287
• 29.2 Baltic Sea = 292
• 29.3 Scandinavian Mountains = 292
• 29.4 Conclusions = 294
• References = 294
• 30. Northern Central Europe : glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / Leszek Marks ; Albertas Bitinas ; Mirostaw Btaszkiewicz ; Andreas Borner ; Rimante Guobyte ; Vincent Rinterknecht ; Karol Tylmann = 297
• References = 301
• 31. European Russia : glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / Olga Korsakova ; Andrey Vashkov ; Olga Nosova = 305
• 31.1 Introduction = 305
• 31.2 The Fennoscandian ice sheet and main proglacial lakes in the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 305
• 31.3 Bølling-Allerød glacial landforms : the Neva end moraine belt = 307
• 31.4 Conclusions = 309
• References = 309
• 32. The Eurasian Arctic : glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) / Henry Patton ; Monica C.M. Winsborrow ; Mariana Esteves = 311
• 32.1 Introduction = 311
• 32.2 Ice stream collapse = 31
• 32.3 Unzipping of the Barents Sea ice sheet = 313
• 32.4 Isostatic recovery = 313
• References = 315
• 33. Britain and Ireland : glacial landforms during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / Philip D. Hughes ; Chris D. Clark ; Philip L. Cibbard ; Neil F. Classer ; Matt D. Tomkins = 319
• 33.1 The Bølling-Allerød Interstadial in Britain and Ireland = 319
• 33.2 Evidence of glaciers in the Bølling-Allerød (Windermere) Interstadial in Scotland = 320
• 33.3 Evidence of glaciers in the Bølling-Allerød (Windermere) Interstadial in England and Wales = 322
• 33.4 Evidence of glaciers in the Bølling-Allerød (Woodgrange) Interstadial in Ireland = 324
• 33.5 Problems and prospects for understanding glacier dynamics through the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial in Britain and Ireland = 324
• References = 326
• Section 2 : European regions that were not covered by the EISC = 329
• 34. Iceland : glacial landforms and raised shorelines from the Bølling-Allerød interstadial / Ivar Orn Benediktsson ; Skafti Brynjolfsson ; Lovisa Asbjornsdottir = 331
• 34.1 Introduction (paleo-environment) = 331
• 34.2 West and south-west Iceland = 332
• 34.3 North-east Iceland = 334
• 34.4 North-west Iceland = 337
• 34.5 Synthesis and ice sheet reconstruction = 337
• References = 337
• 35. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / Jerzy Zasadni ; Piotr Klapyta ; Michat Makos = 341
• 35.1 The Tatra Mountains palaeoenvironment during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 341
• 35.2 Landscape evolution in the High Tatra Mountains during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 342
• 35.3 Landscape evolution in the Western Tatra Mountains during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 343
• 35.4 Final remarks = 344
• References = 345
• 36. The Romanian Carpathians : glacial landforms during Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) / Petru Urdea ; Florina Ardelean ; Mircea Ardelean ; Alexandru Onaca = 347
• 36.1 Introduction = 347
• 36.1.1 Eastern Carpathians = 349
• 36.1.2 Southern Carpathians = 349
• 36.1.3 Apuseni Mountains = 352
• 36.2 Conclusions = 349
• References = 349
• 37. The Alps : glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / Susan Ivy-Ochs ; Giovanni Monegato ; Jurgen M. Reitner = 355
• References = 358
• 38. The Pyrenees : glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) / Magali Delmas ; Marc Oliva ; Yanni Gunnell ; Marcelo Fernandes ; Theo Reixach ; Jose M. Fernandez-Fernandez ; Marc Calvet = 361
• 38.1 Evidence of intense and rapid warming = 361
• 38.2 Almost full glacier extinction in the eastern Pyrenees = 362
• 38.3 Extensive glacier recession in the western and central Pyrenees = 365
• 38.4 Local evidence of glacial oscillations in the higher central part of the mountain range = 365
• 38.5 Conclusion = 367
• References = 367
• 39. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Iberian Mountains during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / Marc Oliva ; Nuria Andres ; Jose M. Fernandez- Fernandez ; David Palacios = 369
• 39.1 The Iberian palaeoenvironment during the Bølling-Allerød (B-A) Interstadial = 369
• 39.2 The glaciers in the Cantabrian Mountains during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 369
• 39.3 The glaciers in the NW Ranges during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 370
• 39.4 The glaciers in the Iberian Range during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 370
• 39.5 The glaciers in the Central Range during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 374
• 39.6 The glaciers in the Sierra Nevada during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 374
• 39.7 Synthesis of the glacial evolution in the Iberian Mountains during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 374
• References = 376
• 40. The Italian Mountains : glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) / Adriano Ribolini ; Matteo Spagnolo ; Carlo Ciraud = 379
• 40.1 The environment of the Italian Peninsula during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial = 379
• 40.2 Low-altitude and marine proxies = 379
• 40.3 High-altitude proxies = 382
• 40.4 The Venacquaro Interstadial and the glaciers of the Italian mountains = 382
• 40.5 Final remarks = 383
• Acknowledgements = 384
• References = 384
• 41. The Balkans : glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / Philip D. Hughes ; James L. Allard ; Jamie C. Woodward ; Richard J.J. Pope = 387
• 41.1 Introduction = 387
• 41.2 Glacier behaviour during the Bølling-Allerød = 387
• 41.3 Conclusions = 391
• References = 391
• 42. The Anatolian Mountains : glacial landforms during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / Naki Akqar = 395
• References = 395
• Section 3 : Synthesis of the Part IV = 397
• 43. European glacial landscapes from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial / David Palacios ; Nuria Andres ; Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz ; Philip D. Hughes = 399
• 43.1 Introduction = 399
• 43.2 Glacial evolution and landforms of the European ice sheet complex and Iceland ice sheet = 399
• 43.3 Glacial evolution and landforms on mountain areas = 404
• 43.4 Similarities and differences between regions and their causes = 407
• 43.5 Pending research = 408
• 43.6 The 14.6-12.9 ka period : A “false-start” to the current interglacial = 410
• References = 410
• Part V. The European glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9-11.7 ka) = 413
• 44. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial / Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz ; David Palacios ; Philip D. Hughes ; Nuria Andres = 415
• References = 418
• Section 1 : European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) / Anna L.C. Hughes ; Sarah L. Greenwood ; Monica C.M. Winsborrow = 423
• 45. The glacial legacy of the EISC during the Younger Dryas Stadial = 425
• 45.1 EISC evolution during the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9-11.7 ka) = 425
• 45.2 Younger Dryas Stadial landforms of the EISC domain = 427
• 45.3 The significance of proglacial lakes for (reconstructing) deglaciation = 430
• 45.4 Outlook = 431
• References = 432
• 46. The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas Stadial / Jan Mangerud ; Anna L.C. Hughes ; Mark D. Johnson ; Juha Pekka Lunkka = 437
• 46.1 The overall pattern of the YD ice sheet = 437
• 46.2 The Bergen district, western Norway = 439
• 46.3 Western Norway north of Sognefjorden and northern Norway = 440
• 46.4 The Oslofjorden area = 442
• 46.5 Sweden = 442
• 46.6 Southern Finland and NW Russia = 446
• 46.7 Discussion and conclusions = 446
• Acknowledgements = 449
• References = 449
• 47. Younger Dryas Stadial (YD) local moraines in western and northern Norway / Jan Mangerud = 453
• 47.1 The Nordfjord-Møre area in south-western Norway = 453
• 47.2 The Troms area in Northern Norway = 457
• Acknowledgements = 457
• References = 457
• 48. Northern Central Europe : glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial / Leszek Marks ; Albertas Bitinas ;
• Miroslaw Bfaszkiewicz ; Andreas Borner ; Rimante Guo byte ; Vincent Rinterknecht ; Karol Tylmann = 459
• References = 463
• 49. European Russia : glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial / Olga Korsakova ; Andrey Vashkov ; Olga Nosova = 467
• References = 470
• 50. The Eurasian Arctic : glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas (12.9-11.7 ka) / Lis Allaart ; Henry Patton ; Mariana Esteves = 473
• 50.1 Introduction = 473
• 50.2 Postglacial emergence of the High Arctic archipelagos = 474
• 50.3 Evidence for YD glacial extents on Svalbard and in surrounding waters = 474
• 50.3.1 Terrestrial = 475
• 50.3.2 Marine = 477
• References = 478
• 51. Britain and Ireland : glacial landforms during the Younger Dryas Stadial / Philip D. Hughes ; Chris D. Clark ; Philip L.
• Gibbard ; Neil F. Glasser ; Matt D. Tomkins = 481
• 51.1 Introduction = 481
• 51.2 Younger Dryas climate in Britain and Ireland = 483
• 51.3 The geomorphological record of Younger Dryas glaciation = 483
• 51.4 Scotland = 485
• 51.5 England = 487
• 51.6 Wales = 488
• 51.7 Ireland = 489
• References = 489
• Section 2 : European regions that were not covered by the EISC = 495
• 52. Iceland : glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial / Ivar Orn Benediktsson ; Skafti Brynjolfsson ; Lovisa Asbjornsdottir = 497
• 52.1 Introduction = 497
• 52.2 South-west and central West Iceland = 497
• 52.3 West Fjords = 500
• 52.4 North Iceland = 502
• 52.5 North-east and central East Iceland and the East Fjords = 502
• 52.6 Southern lowlands = 504
• 52.7 Synthesis = 505
• References = 505
• 53. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the Younger Dryas / Jerzy Zasadni ; Piotr Kfapyta ; Anna Totoczko-Pasek ; Michaf Makos = 509
• 53.1 The Tatra Mountains palaeoenvironment during the Younger Dryas stadial = 509
• 53.2 Landscape evolution in the High Tatra Mountains during the Younger Dryas stadial = 510
• 53.3 Landscape evolution in the Western Tatra Mountains during the Younger Dryas stadial = 512
• References = 514
• 54. The Romanian Carpathians : glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas / Petru Urdea ; Florina Ardelean ; Mircea Ardelean ; Alexandru Onaca ; Oana Berzescu = 517
• 54.1 Introduction = 517
• 54.2 Eastern Carpathians = 518
• 54.3 Southern Carpathians = 520
• 54.4 Conclusions = 523
• References = 523
• 55. The Alps : glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial / Susan Ivy-Ochs ; Giovanni Monegato ; Jurgen M. Reitner = 525
• References = 536
• 56. The Pyrenees : glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas (12.9-11.7 ka) / Magali Delmas ; Marc Oliva ; Yanni Gunnell ; Theo Reixach ; Marcelo Fernandes ; Jose M. Fernandez-Fernandez ; Marc Calvet = 541
• 56.1 Climatic and environmental conditions during the Younger Dryas = 541
• 56.2 Record of glacier responses to colder and drier conditions = 542
• 56.2.1 Central Pyrenees = 545
• 56.2.2 Western Pyrenees = 546
• 56.2.3 Eastern Pyrenees = 549
• 56.3 Synthesis and conclusions = 550
• References = 550
• 57. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Iberian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial / Marc Oliva ; Nuria Andres ; Jose M. Fernandez-Fernandez ; David Palacios = 553
• 57.1 The Iberian palaeoenvironment during the Younger Dryas Stadial = 553
• 57.2 The glaciers in the Cantabrian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial = 556
• 57.3 The glaciers in the NW Ranges during the Younger Dryas Stadial = 556
• 57.4 The glaciers in the Iberian Range during the Younger Dryas Stadial = 557
• 57.5 The glaciers in the Central Range during the Younger Dryas Stadial = 557
• 57.6 The glaciers in the Sierra Nevada during the Younger Dryas Stadial = 559
• 57.7 Synthesis of the glacial evolution in the Iberian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial = 560
• References = 560
• 58. The Italian Mountains : Glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9-11.7 ka) / Adriano Ribolini ; Matteo Spagnolo ; Carlo Giraudi = 563
• 58.1 The environment of the Italian Peninsula during the Younger Dryas stadial = 563
• 58.1.1 Low-altitude and marine proxies = 563
• 58.1.2 High-altitude proxies = 564
• 58.2 The Aquila stadial and the glaciers/rock glaciers of the Italian Mountains = 565
• 58.3 Final remarks = 567
• Acknowledgements = 568
• References = 568
• Further reading = 570
• 59. The Balkans : glacial landforms during the Younger Dryas Stadial / Philip D. Hughes/ James L. Allard ; Jamie C. Woodward ; Richard J.J. Pope = 571
• 59.1 Introduction = 571
• 59.2 Greece = 571
• 59.3 Albania/North Macedonia = 573
• 59.4 Kosovo = 574
• 59.5 Montenegro = 574
• 59.6 Bosnia = 574
• 59.7 Bulgaria = 575
• 59.8 Discussion and conclusions = 577
• References = 577
• 60. The Anatolian Mountains : glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas stadial / Naki Akqar = 581
• 60.1 Introduction = 581
• 60.2 Eastern Black Sea Mountains = 581
• 60.3 Western Taurus Mountains = 582
• 60.4 Central Taurus Mountains = 582
• 60.5 Northwestern Anatolia = 584
• 60.6 The Anatolian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial : A Synthesis = 585
• References = 585
• Section 3 : Synthesis of Part V = 587
• 61. European glacial landscapes from the Younger Dryas Stadial / Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz ; David Palacios ; Philip D. Hughes ; Nuria Andres = 589
• 61.1 Introduction = 587
• 61.2 Glacial evolution and landforms of the European ice sheet complex and the Iceland ice sheet = 588
• 61.3 Glacial evolution and landforms in mountain areas = 592
• 61.4 Similarities and differences between regions and their causes = 593
• 61.5 Pending research = 596
• 61.6 The Younger Dryas Stadial : processes and landforms at the end of Termination 1 = 597
• References = 598
• Part VI. The Synthesis of the European Landscapes from Last Deglaciation = 605
• 62. The importance of European glacial landscapes in a context of great climatic variability / David Palacios ; Philip D. Hughes ; Jose M Garcia-Ruiz ; Nuria Andres = 607
• 62.1 The Main Deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) impact in the European glacial landscapes = 607
• 62.2 The impact in European glacial landscapes facing a drastic increase in temperatures and a sharp rise in sea level during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) = 609
• 62.3 The impact in European glacial landscapes facing a drastic decrease in temperatures during the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9-11.7 ka) = 611
• 62.4 European glacial landscapes from Last Deglaciation - pending scientific challenges = 612
• 62.5 European glacial landscapes from Last Deglaciation as geoheritage and geodiversity values = 614
• 62.6 The Holocene European glacial landscapes and the challenge of understanding the sensitivity of present glaciers to climate change = 615
• References = 616
• Index = 619