Framework for the development of national shipping policies

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region have over the last decade
achieved a high degree of economic growth. This has been accompanied by a rapid increase in overseas trade much of which is carried by sea. As this century comes to a close, nine out of the 20 top container carrier are from Asia. These top slots however are limited to a few countries in the region, and the disparity between the success stories and the shipping services of the majority of the developing countries is very wide. The reasons for this widening gap between the major players and the rest are many and varied. While developing countries wish ~o maintain a presence in shipping, the shipping industry has not been afforded a high priority within the industrial development of these countries. The emphasis has been on visible items
of trade rather than on services including the shipping sector.
Countries in the region have since of late recognized that shipping services
are an important element of their economic growth and that unless concerted action is taken, national shipping services would be marginalized in the face of global competition. Countries in the ESCAP region face a dilemma. On the one"hand they want to maintain a presence through the development of national shipping capabilities. On the other hand they want the trade to enjoy the competitive shipping services, offered by overseas shipping lines. The reconciliation of these issues require that national maritime administrations evaluate the shipping potential of the country and formulate appropriate shipping policies. ~ .
Policy development requires detailed knowledge of the international and
regional maritime environment and policy tools and options. The experiences of
developed maritime countries and the policies adopted by countries in the region could be an important starting point.

With this in view ESCAP undertook a project to assist countries in the region
to develop their national shipping policies. The project aimed to develop a frame
work that would provide policy makers with the background information and the
policy tools and options that are required for successful formulation of shipping
policies. In implementing the project an extensive survey and analysis has been carried out on the shipping policies of selected ESCAP countries through
questionnaires, country papers and country visits. The analysis is contained in the frame work document which gradually introduces the policy makers to the complex subject of shipping policy development from a practical standpoint.
Each country has to work out its policies in the overall context of national
economic objectives and its shipping potential. A policy that is appropriate for one country may not be appropriate for another. The issues to consider however, are similar and the framework that is contained herein should assist policy makers to make informed decisions on a range of subjects pertaining to trade and services related shipping policies.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW

CHAPTER 2: INTERNA1l0NAL SHIPPING ENVIRONMENT
Shipping and world sea borne trade
Shipping markets
New developments in trade and shipping .
Shipping Policy Trends
Liberalization Vs protectionism
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The European Union (EO)
The United States of America (USA)
Recent trends in shipping policy

CHAPTER 3: DETERMINING SHIPPING POLICY OBJECl'lVES
Scope and extent of policies to be developed
Broad shipping policies of selected ESCAP countries
Trade and service related shipping policy: regional positions

CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENT OF NAnONAL SHIPPING CAPABU,ITIES
Rationalesfo r developingn ationalf leetsr evisited
Competitivep ressureo n shippings ervices
Competitivenesso f national fleets
Stable carriage of goods
Balance of payments
Strategicd efences upport
Employmengt eneration
Developmenot f maritimer elatedi ndustries
Safeguardo f them arinee nviromment

CHAPTER 5: NA110NAL SHIPPING FLEETS AND ACCESS
TO SHIPPING MARKETS
Protectionist and other support measures; International trade
Bilateral, cargo sharing agreements
The United Nations Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences
Cargo preferences and government procured cargoes
Market access: ESCAP Region
Implementation of cargo reservation or preference schemes
Protectionist and other support measures; Coastal trade and cabotage
Cabotage regimes
The size and nature of the coastal shipping task in the ESCAP Region
The cabotage debate

CHAPTER 6: SHIP REGISTRADON
Concept of ship registration
InternationaPl rotocolsa ndO bligations
The shippingr egistera sa policy instrument
The shipping register and the balance ofpayrnents
Factorst hat guide shipownersin flag selection
Developmentsin shipr egistration:E SCAPr egion

CHAPTER 7: FISCAL REGIMES TO PROMOTE FLEET DEVELOPMENT
Sources of ship financing .
Bank loans and financing schemes
Ship fmancings chemesin the ESCAPr egion

CHAPTER 8: REvrrALIZING NATIONAL SHIPPING LINESPUBLIC
SECfOR AND PRIVATE SECfOR PARTICIPATION
IN SHIPPING
A rationale for public sector participation
Fonns of involvement in shipping
Privatization of public shipping enterprises
The regionse xperiencein public sectorp articipationi n shippi~g

CHAPTER 9: ENSURE COMPETITIVE SHIPPING SERVICES
FOR COUNTRIES FOREIGN TRADE
Facto~ that attract ove~eas shipping services
Adequate cargo volumes
Non discriminatoryr egime
Minimum bureaucracy
Clear regulatory framework

CHAPTER 10: THE PROCESS OF FORMULATING AND
IMPLEMENTING SHIPPING POLICY
Process of policy formulation
Participatorya s againsat unilaterala pproach
Implementationo f shippingp olicies
Institutionala nda dministrativefr amework
Legislative framework


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