플립러닝(Flipped learning)을 위한 포괄적 교수설계 모형의 탐색 = Exploration of an Comprehensive Instructional Design model for Flipped Learning

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to explore an comprehensive instructional design framework and instructional strategies in flipped learning that should be applied consistently for the successful implementation. On the basis of the research problems which is to accomplish the objective, bibliographical analysis that was composed of COSI model(Bidwell & Jensen, 2004) and qualitative content analysis(Jadad, Mohr, & Klassen, 1998; Schreir, 2012), was administered as one of the research methodologies. In addition, based on the evaluation and selection criteria for instructional design theories and models(Reigeluth & Frick, 1999),
Consultation from educational experts was conducted by means of survey and interview so that field acceptability of the model would be assured. The research results indicate that major instructional elements for designing flipped learning were organized as follows: 1) Ramp-up strategies, 2) Facilitation strategies for self-directed learning, 3) Design strategies for learning environments, 4) Matching strategies to instructional situations, 5) Evaluation
strategies. In accordance with each component, the prescriptive instructional strategies were suggested. Moreover, in order for the model to hold better validity and effectiveness, the constraints and corresponding future research possibilities were discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 플립러닝의 성공적인 실행을 위해 적용, 견지해야할 포괄적 교수설계 체계와 이에 상응한 실천적인 교수전략을 제시하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 도출된 연구문제를 기반으로, COSI 모형(Bidwell & Jensen, 2004)과 질적 내용분석(Jadad, Mohr, & Klassen, 1998; Schreir, 2012)의 연구방법으로 문헌분석을 수행하였다. 그리고 이 교수전략 체제의 교육현장 수용가능성을 높이기 위해, 교수설계 이론과 모형의 평가 및 선정 기준(Reigeluth & Frick, 1999)에 입각하여, 이 수업체제를 직접 적용한 교육전문가들로부터 면담과 설문을 통해 자문을 구했다. 이러한 연구방법에 따라 거꾸로학습의 포괄적 교수설계 체계는, 1) 적응환경 수립 전략, 2) 자기주도학습 촉진전략, 3) 학습환경 설계전략, 4) 수업상황에 따른 적용전략, 5) 평가전략 등의 설계 요소로 구조화되었다. 그리고 각 설계요소 별로 교수자에게 플립러닝을 설계하는 데 구체적인 지원과 안내가 될 수 있는 실행적인 교수전략들을 제시했다. 끝으로 플립러닝을 위한 새로운 체제의 포괄적 교수설계 전략이 더 나은 타당성, 효과성을 담보하는 데 제기돼야할 연구의 제한점과 병행하여 후속 연구 필요성에 관한 논의가 이루어졌다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 임정훈, "플립러닝 수업컨설팅을 위한 수업분석 도구 개발" 한국교육공학회 34 (34): 101-132, 2018

2 박진우, "육군 학교교육의 플립러닝 기반 상황위주 토의식 수업을 위한 교수 전략 개발 연구" 한국교육공학회 32 (32): 771-808, 2016

3 임정훈, "스마트교육 기반 플립러닝이 학업성취도, 협업능력 및 정보활용능력에 미치는 효과" 한국교육공학회 32 (32): 809-836, 2016

4 김남익, "대학에서의 거꾸로 학습(Flipped learning) 사례 설계 및 효과성 연구: 학습동기와 자아효능감을 중심으로" 한국교육공학회 30 (30): 467-492, 2014

5 진민혜, "거꾸로 수업을 활용한 과학 중심 STEAM 프로그램이 학생의 수업 참여도에 미치는 영향" 초등교육연구원 27 (27): 77-98, 2016

6 이민경, "거꾸로 교실(Flipped Classroom)의 효과와 의미에 대한 사례 연구" 한국교육개발원 41 (41): 87-116, 2014

7 홍기칠, "거꾸로 교실(Flipped Classroom)의 실행에 대한 비평적 분석" 한국교육방법학회 28 (28): 125-149, 2016

8 Fulton, K. P. L., "Time for learning: Top 10 reasons why flipping the classroom can change education" Corwin 2014

9 Farmer, R., "The what, the how and the why of the flipped classroom" 3 (3): 14-31, 2018

10 Mitra, S., "The future of learning" Universidad Francisco Marroquin 2016

11 Tucker, B., "The flipped classroom: Online instruction at home frees class time for learning" 12 (12): 82-83, 2012

12 Roehl, A., "The flipped classroom: An opportunity to engage millennial students through active learning strategies" 105 (105): 44-49, 2013

13 Plunkett, K., "The flipped classroom: A teacher’s complete guide" JIBB Publishing 2014

14 Carbaugh, E. M., "The differentiated flipped classroom: A practical guide to digital learning" Corwin Press 2016

15 van Merriënboer, J. J. G., "Ten Steps to complex learning: A systematic approach to Four-Component Instructional Design" Routledge 2018

16 Wiske, M. S., "Teaching for understanding with technology" Jossey-Bass 2005

17 Deri, M. A., "Structure and evaluation of flipped general chemistry course as a model for small and larger gateway science courses at an urban public institution" 47 (47): 68-77, 2018

18 Bergmann, J., "Solving the homework problem by flipping the learning" ASCD 2017

19 Schreier, M., "Qualitative content analysis in practice" SAGE 2012

20 Raths, D., "Nine video tips for a better flipped classroom" 79 (79): 15-21, 2014

21 Strayer, J. F., "Kick-starting discussions with the flipped classroom" 109 (109): 662-668, 2016

22 Strayer, J. F., "Instructional-design theories and models, Volume IV: The learner-centered paradigm of education" Routledge 2017

23 Reigeluth, C. M., "Instructional-design theories And models: A new paradigm of instructional theory" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1999

24 Perkins, D. N., "Instructional design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1999

25 Cargile, L. A., "Instruction with the Khan Academy" 109 (109): 34-39, 2015

26 Jensen, J. L., "Improvements from a flipped classroom amy simply be the fruits of active learning" 14 (14): 1-12, 2015

27 Jadad, A. R., "Guides for reading and interpreting systematic reviews: II. How did the authors find the studies and assess their quality?" 152 (152): 812-817, 1998

28 Kirch, C., "Flipping with Kirch: The ups and downs from inside my flipped classroom" Bretzmann 2016

29 Missildine, K., "Flipping the classroom to improve student performance and satisfaction" 52 (52): 597-599, 2013

30 Jaster, R. W., "Flipping college algebra : Perceptions, engagement, and grade outcomes" 5 (5): 16-22, 2013

31 Carter, N., "Flipping 2.0: Practical strategies for flipping your class" The Bretzmann Group 2013

32 Bennett, B., "Flipping 2.0: Practical strategies for flipping your class" The Bretzmann Group 2013

33 Nesloney, T., "Flipping 2.0: Practical strategies for flipping your class" The Bretzmann Group 2013

34 Morris, C., "Flipping 2.0: Practical strategies for flipping your class" The Bretzmann Group 2013

35 Bretzmann, J., "Flipping 2.0: Practical strategies for flipping your class" The Bretzmann Group 2013

36 Bergmann, J., "Flipped learning: Gateway to student learning" ISTE 2014

37 Talbert, R., "Flipped learning: A guide for higher education faculty" Stylus Publishing 2017

38 Coufal, K., "Flipped learning instructional model: Perceptions of video delivery to support engagement in eighth grade math" Lamar University 2014

39 Bergmann, J., "Flipped learning for science instruction" International Society for Technology in Education 2015

40 Bergmann, J., "Flipped learning for math instruction" International Society for Technology in Education 2015

41 Bergmann, J., "Flipped learning for elementary instruction" International Society for Technology in Education 2016

42 Bergmann, J., "Flipped learning for English language instruction" International Society for Technology in Education 2015

43 Singh, K., "Flipped classroom : A concept for engaging medical students in learning" 55 (55): 507-512, 2018

44 Bergmann, J., "Flipped Learning for social studies instruction" International Society for Technology in Education 2015

45 Jones, D., "Flipped 3.0 Project-based learning: An Insanely simple guide" FL Global Publishing 2018

46 Bergmann, J., "Flip your classroom: Reach every student in every class every day" ISTE 2012

47 Bidwell, S., "Etext on Health Technology Assessment (HTA) information resources" National Information Center on Health Services Research and Health Care Technology 2004

48 Nilson, L. B., "Creating self-regulating learners: Strategies to strengthen students’ self-awareness and learning skills" Stylus Publishing 2013

49 Barkley, E. F., "Collaborative learning techniques: A handbook for college faculty" Jossey-Bass 2014

50 Pacansky-Brock, M., "Best practices for teaching with emerging technologies" Routledge 2013

51 Talbert, R., "Best practices for flipping the college classroom" Routledge 2016

52 Sauer, K. M., "Best practices for flipping the college classroom" Routledge 2016

53 Waldrop, J. B., "Best practices for flipping the college classroom" Routledge 2016

54 Karabulut-Ilgu, A., "A systematic review of research on the flipped learning method in engineering education" 49 (49): 398-411, 2018

55 Anderson, L. W., "A Taxonomy for learning, teaching and assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives" Longman 2001

56 Honeycutt B., "101 way to flip your online class" Flip it Consulting, LLC and Reify Media 2013