Preliminary clinical outcomes and adoption of continuous glucose monitoring following reimbursement implementation in patients with type 1 diabetes in Thailand

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Purpose: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is recommended by clinical guidelines for children and adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to improve clinical outcomes. In Thailand, CGM was incorporated into the Universal Healthcare Coverage (UHC) program in mid-2023. This study aimed to evaluate preliminary clinical outcomes and device adoption at a single tertiary care center. Glycemic outcomes were assessed before and after CGM use following the UHC reimbursement program and results were compared across 4 groups: self-monitoring blood glucose, CGM, open-loop insulin pump, and hybrid closed-loop (HCL). CGM adherence and parameters were also analyzed.Methods: This retrospective-prospective study collected and analyzed demographic data, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, and CGM parameters.Results: A total of 142 T1DM patients (median age, 17.3 years; range, 3.5–69.2 years) were included. Baseline HbA1c was 8.1%±1.5%, with no significant differences among groups (<i>P</i>=0.223). The HCL group showed the largest HbA1c reduction at 12 months (-0.99%, <i>P</i>= 0.001), particularly in patients <18 years (-1.21%, <i>P</i>=0.014). CGM users showed improvements in HbA1c (-0.29%) and a higher proportion achieving time in range (TIR) ≥70% at 12 months (69.2% vs. 47.1%, <i>P</i>=0.08), though this was not statistically significant. Preliminary CGM uptake was 12% (17 of 142). The HCL group exhibited higher TIR and better sensor adherence (<i>P</i><0.05), while other groups showed no significant changes.Conclusion: The HCL system significantly improved glycemic outcomes, particularly in younger patients. However, CGM adoption remains low, highlighting the need for expanded access, enhanced reimbursement policies, and improved adherence strategies.