Naive semantics for natural language understanding

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Part Ⅰ. Naive Semantics = 1
• 1. Naive Semantics = 3
• 1.1. Using Naive Semantics to Interpret "The Programmer" = 7
• 1.2. Compositional Semantics = 10
• 1.3. The Classical Theory of Word Meaning = 12
• 1.4. Word Meanings as Concepts = 18
• 1.5. Other Decompositional Approaches = 18
• 1.6. Computational Approaches to Word Meaning = 23
• 1.7. Naive Semantics = 28
• 1.8. Basis of Naive Semantics in Cognitive Psychology = 29
• 1.9. Comparison of NS with Computational Models = 36
• 1.10. Limitations of NS = 39
• 1.11. Organization of the Book = 43
• 2. Noun Representation = 45
• 2.1. The Ontological Schema = 45
• 2.2. Mathematical Properties of the Ontology = 46
• 2.3. Ontological Categories = 49
• 2.4. Nominal Terminal Nodes = 52
• 2.5. Construction of the Ontology = 55
• 2.6. Other Ontologies = 56
• 2.7. Generic Knowledge = 58
• 2.8. Word Senses = 60
• 2.9. Feature Types = 61
• 2.10. Conclusion = 62
• 3. Kinds, Kind Terms and Cognitive Categories = 65
• 3.1 The Realist Basis of NS and Kind Terms = 65
• 3.2. Kind Types = 69
• 3.3. Kind Types as Metasorts = 75
• 3.4. Another Approach = 76
• 3.5. Summary = 77
• 4. Verb Representation = 79
• 4.1. Ontological Representation = 79
• 4.2. Placing Verbs in the Main Ontology = 80
• 4.3. Sub-Classification of the TEMPORAL/RELATIONAL Node = 82
• 4.4. The Vendler Verb Classification = 83
• 4.5. Psycholinguistic Categories = 90
• 4.6. Cross-Classification = 93
• 4.7. Parallel Ontologies = 94
• 4.8. Non-Categorial Features = 95
• 4.9. Generic Representation = 95
• 4.10. Feature Types Associated with Relational Terms = 98
• 4.11. Conclusion = 101
• 5. The Functioning of the Kind Types System = 105
• 5.1. Complete and Incomplete Knowledge = 107
• 5.2. Queries to the System = 109
• Inspecting the Textual Database = 109
• Inspecting the Ontology = 110
• Inspecting the Generic Database = 111
• Inspecting Feature Types = 113
• 5.3. Anaphors = 117
• 5.4. PP Attachment = 118
• 5.5. Word Sense Disambiguation = 118
• 5.6. Discourse Reasoning = 119
• 5.7. Kind Types Reasoning = 120
• 5.8. Summary of Inference Mechanism = 121
• 6. Prepositional Phrase Disambiguation = 123
• 6.1. Semantically Implausible Syntactic Ambiguities = 123
• 6.2. Using Commonsense Knowledge to Disambiguate = 125
• 6.3. Commonsense Knowledge used in the Preference Strategy = 128
• Ontological Class of Object of the Preposition = 128
• Ontological Class of The Direct Object = 129
• Ontological Class of Verb = 129
• Generic Information = 130
• Syntax = 131
• 6.4. Success Rate of the Preference Strategy = 132
• 6.5. Implementation = 133
• 6.6. Other Approaches = 135
• 6.7. Conclusion = 138
• 7. Word Sense Disambiguation = 141
• 7.1. Approaches to Word Sense Disambiguation = 141
• 7.2. Local Combined Ambiguity Reduction = 142
• 7.3. Test of Hypothesis = 144
• 7.4. Noun Disambiguation = 144
• Fixed and Frequent Phrases = 145
• Syntactic Tests = 146
• Commonsense Knowledge = 147
• 7.5. Verb Sense Disambiguation = 151
• Frequent Phrases in Verb Disambiguation = 153
• Syntactic Tests in Verb Disambiguation = 153
• Commonsense in Verb Disambiguation = 154
• 7.6. Interaction of Ambiguous Verb and Noun = 155
• 7.7. Feasibility of the Method = 156
• 7.8. Syntactic and Lexical Ambiguity = 157
• 7.9. Intersentential Reasoning = 157
• 7.10. Disambiguation Rules = 158
• 7.11. Efficiency and Timing = 164
• 7.12. Problems for the Method = 166
• 7.13. Other Approaches = 167
• 7.14. Conclusion = 169
• 8. Discourse Coherence = 171
• 8.1. Background = 171
• Coherence Relations = 172
• Discourse Segments = 174
• Genre-Relativity of Discourse Structure = 175
• The Commentary Genre = 177
• Compendium of Discourse Relations = 178
• 8.2. Modularity and Discourse = 184
• Modelling the Recipient = 184
• Discourse Events = 185
• Coherence as Compositional Semantics? = 188
• Coherence as Naive Inference = 191
• Discourse Cues = 192
• Parallelism = 193
• Facts Explained by the Parallel, Modular Model = 194
• 8.3. Syntactic and Semantic Tests for Discourse Relations = 199
• Main Clause = 200
• Not Nominalized = 200
• Active voice = 203
• Tense and Aspect = 203
• Transitivity Test = 203
• Weak Predictions of Coherence Relations = 205
• 8.4. Parallelism in Coherence Exemplified = 218
• Using Commonsense Knowledge to Segment Discourse = 222
• Empirical Study of Discourse Hierarchy = 226
• 8.5. Other Models = 226
• 8.6. Conclusion = 230
• REFERENCES = 233