Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental factor that impairs livestock fertility by reducing oocyte quality and embryonic developmental competence. However, the mitochondrial stress responses associated with HS during bovine oocyte in vitro matur...
Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental factor that impairs livestock fertility by reducing oocyte quality and embryonic developmental competence. However, the mitochondrial stress responses associated with HS during bovine oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) remain incompletely understood. This study investigated whether HS during IVM affects bovine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development in association with ATF5-related mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and GRP75-associated ER–mitochondria signaling. Bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes were matured for 22 h at 38.5°C (control) or 41.5°C (HS), followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and culture (IVC) under standard conditions. HS exposure increased GRP75 and ATF5 immunoreactivity in ovarian follicular oocytes. During IVM, HS impaired cumulus expansion, reduced the proportion of MII-stage oocytes, and increased abnormal spindle morphology and chromosome misalignment. HS-exposed oocytes also exhibited increased mitochondrial ROS production, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), increased nuclear localization of ATF5, elevated GRP75 expression, and increased Rhod-2 fluorescence. Transcriptomic analysis identified 724 differentially expressed genes, including genes associated with mitochondrial membranes, mitochondrial translation, respiratory chain assembly, and MMP regulation. In addition, qPCR analysis showed altered expression of UPRmt-related genes, including LONP1, HSPD1, HSPA9, and ATF5. The adverse effects of HS during IVM persisted during subsequent embryonic development, as shown by reduced cleavage and blastocyst formation rates, decreased proportions of late and expanded blastocysts, reduced blastocyst diameter, increased apoptosis, and persistent mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, ATF5-related responses, increased GRP75 expression, and elevated Rhod-2 fluorescence were observed at the cleavage and blastocyst stages. These findings suggest that HS during bovine oocyte maturation induces persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and is associated with ATF5-related UPRmt responses and GRP75-associated ER–mitochondria signaling. Collectively, this study provides insight into the mitochondrial stress mechanisms underlying HS-induced impairment of bovine oocyte maturation and embryonic development.