Techniques for nuclear and particle physics experiments : a how-to approach|RISS 상세보기

목차 (Table of Contents)

CONTENTS
1. Basic Nuclear Processes in Radioactive Sources = 1
1.1 Nuclear Level Diagrams = 2
1.2 Alpha Decay = 3
1.3 Beta Decay = 4

CONTENTS
1. Basic Nuclear Processes in Radioactive Sources = 1
1.1 Nuclear Level Diagrams = 2
1.2 Alpha Decay = 3
1.3 Beta Decay = 4
1.4 Electron Capture (EC) = 6
1.5 Gamma Emission = 6
1.5.1 Isomeric States = 6
1.6 Annihilation Radiation = 7
1.7 Internal Conversion = 7
1.8 Auger Electrons = 8
1.9 Neutron Sources = 8
1.9.1 Spontaneous Fission = 8
1.9.2 Nuclear Reactions = 8
1.10 Source Activity Units = 9
1.11 The Radioactive Decay Law = 10
1.11.1 Fluctuations in Radioactive Decay = 11
1.11.2 Radioactive Decay Chains = 12
1.11.3 Radioisotope Production by Irradiation = 14
2. Passage of Radiation Through Matter = 17
2.1 Preliminary Notions and Definitions = 17
2.1.1 The Cross Section = 18
2.1.2 Interaction Probability in a Distance x. Mean Free Path = 19
2.1.3 Surface Density Units = 20
2.2 Energy Loss of Heavy Charged Particles by Atomic Collisions = 21
2.2.1 Bohr's Calculation - The Classical Case = 22
2.2.2 The Bethe-Btoch Formula = 24
2.2.3 Energy Dependence = 27
2.2.4 Scaling Laws for dE／dx = 28
2.2.5 Mass Stopping Power = 28
2.2.6 dE／dx for Mixtures and Compounds = 29
2.2.7 Limitations of the Bethe-Bloch Formula and Other Effects = 29
2.2.8 Channeling = 30
2.2.9 Range = 30
2.3 Cherenkov Radiation = 35
2.4 Energy Loss of Electrons and Positrons = 37
2.4.1 Collision Loss = 37
2.4.2 Energy Loss by Radiation: Bremsstrahlung = 38
2.4.3 Electron-Electron Bremsstrahtung = 40
2.4.4 Critical Energy = 40
2.4.5 Radiation Length = 41
2.4.6 Range of Electrons = 42
2.4.7 The Absorption of $$\beta$$ Electrons = 43
2.5 Multiple Coulomb Scattering = 44
2.5.1 Multiple Scattering in the Gaussian Approxination = 46
2.5.2 Backscattering of Low-Energy Electrons = 48
2.6 Energy Straggling. The Energy Loss Distribution = 49
2.6.1 Thick Absorbers: The Gaussian Limit = 49
2.6.2 Very Thick Absorbers = 50
2.6.3 Thin Absorbers: The Landau and Vavilov Theories = 50
2.7 The Interaction of Photons = 53
2.7.1 Photoelectric Effect = 54
2.7.2 Compton Scattering = 55
2.7.3 Pair Production = 57
2.7.4 Electron-Photon Showers = 59
2.7.5 The Total Absorption Coefficient and Photon Attenuation = 62
2.8 The Interaction of Neutrons = 63
2.8.1 Slowing Down, of Neutrons. Moderation = 65
3. Radiation Protection. Biological Effects of Radiation = 69
3.1 Dosimetric Units = 69
3.1.1 The Roentgen = 69
3.1.2 Absorbed Dose = 70
3.1.3 Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) = 71
3.1.4 Equivalent Dose = 72
3.1.5 Effective Dose = 73
3.2 Typical Doses from Sources in the Environment = 73
3.3 Biological Effects = 74
3.3.1 High Doses Received in a Short Time = 75
3.3.2 Low-Level Doses = 76
3.4 Dose Limits = 77
3.5 Shielding = 78
3.6 Radiation Safety in the Nuclear Physics Laboratory = 79
4. Statistics and the Treatment of Experimental Data = 81
4.1 Characteristics of Probability Distributions = 81
4.1.1 Cumulative Distributions = 82
4.1.2 Expectation Values = 82
4.1.3 Distribution Moments. The Mean and Variance = 82
4.1.4 The Covariance = 83
4.2 Some Common Probability Distributions = 84
4.2.1 The Binomial Distribution = 84
4.2.2 The Poisson Distribution = 85
4.2.3 The Gaussian or Normal Distribution = 86
4.2.4 The Chi-Square Distribution = 88
4.3 Measurement Errors and the Measurement Process = 89
4.3.1 Systematic Errors = 89
4.3.2 Random Errors = 90
4.4 Sampling and Parameter Estimation. The Maximum Likelihood Method = 91
4.4.1 Sample Moments = 91
4.4.2 The Maximum Likelihood Method = 92
4.4.3 Estimator for the Poisson Distribution = 93
4.4.4 Estimators for the Gaussian Distribution = 94
4.4.5 The Weighted Mean = 96
4.5 Examples of Applications = 97
4.5.1 Mean and Error from a Series of Measurements = 97
4.5.2 Combining Data with Different Errors = 97
4.5.3 Determination of Count Rates and Their Errors = 98
4.5.4 Null Experiments. Setting Confidence Limits When No Counts Are Observed = 98
4.5.5 Distribution of Time Intervals Between Counts = 100
4.6 Propagation of Errors = 101
4.6.1 Examples = 102
4.7 Curve Fitting = 103
4.7.1 The Least Squares Method = 104
4.7.2 Linear Fits. The Straight Line = 105
4.7.3 Linear Fits When Both Variables Have Errors = 108
4.7.4 Nonlinear Fits = 108
4.8 Some General Rules for Rounding-off Numbers for Final Presentation = 112
5. General Characteristics of Detectors = 115
5.1 Sensitivity = 115
5.2 Detector Response = 116
5.3 Energy Resolution. The Fano Factor = 117
5.4 The Response Function = 119
5.5 Response Time = 120
5.6 Detector Efficiency = 121
5.7 Dead Time = 122
5.7.1 Measuring Dead Time = 124
6. Ionization Detectors = 127
6.1 Gaseous Ionization Detectors = 127
6.2 Ionization and Transport Phenomena in Gases = 130
6.2.1 Ionization Mechanisms = 130
6.2.2 Mean Number of Electron-Ion Pairs Created = 131
6.2.3 Recombination and Electron Attachment = 132
6.3 Transport of Electrons and Ions in Gases = 133
6.3.1 Diffusion = 133
6.3.2 Drift and Mobility = 134
6.4 Avalanche Multiplication = 135
6.5 The Cylindrical Proportional Counter = 137
6.5.1 Pulse Formation and Shape = 137
6.5.2 Choice of Fill Gas = 140
6.6 The Multiwire Proportional Chamber (MWPC) = 141
6.6.1 Basic Operating Principle = 141
6.6.2 Construction = 143
6.6.3 Chamber Gas = 144
6.6.4 Timing Resolution = 144
6.6.5 Readout Methods = 145
6.6.6 Track Clusters = 147
6.6.7 MWPC Efficiency = 147
6.7 The Drift Chamber = 149
6.7.1 Drift Gases = 150
6.7.2 Spatial Resolution = 151
6.7.3 Operation in Magnetic Fields = 151
6.8 The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) = 151
6.9 Liquid Ionization Detectors (LID) = 154
7. Scintillators Detectors = 157
7.1 General Characteristics = 157
7.2 Organic Scintillalors = 159
7.2.1 Organic Crystals = 162
7.2.2 Organic Liquids = 163
7.2.3 Plastics = 164
7.3 Inorganic Crystals = 165
7.4 Gaseous Scintillators = 166
7.5 Glasses = 167
7.6 Light Output Response = 167
7.6.1 Linearity = 168
7.6.2 Temperature Dependence = 171
7.6.3 Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) = 171
7.7 Intrinsic Detection Efficiency for Various Radiations = 173
7.7.1 Heavy Ions = 173
7.7.2 Electrons = 174
7.7.3 Gamma Rays = 174
7.7.4 Neutrons = 175
8. Photomultipliers = 177
8.1 Basic Construction and Operation = 177
8.2 The Photocathode = 178
8.3 The Electron-Optical Input System = 180
8.4 The Electron-Multiplier Section = 181
8.4.1 Dynode Configurations = 182
8.4.2 Multiplier Response: The Single-Electron Spectrum = 184
8.5 Operating Parameters = 185
8.5.1 Gain and Voltage Supply = 185
8.5.2 Voltage Dividers = 186
8.5.3 Electrode Current Linearity = 188
8.5.4 Pulse Shape = 189
8.6 Time Response and Resolution = 190
8.7 Noise = 192
8.7.1 Dark Current and Afterpulsing = 192
8.7.2 Statistical Noise = 193
8.8 Environmental Factors = 194
8.8.1 Exposure Lo Ambient. Light. = 194
8.8.2 Magnetic Fields = 195
8,8.3 Temperature Effects = 196
8.9 Gain Stability, Count Rate Shift = 197
9. Scintillation Detector Mounting and Operation = 199
9.1 Light Collection = 199
9.1.1 Reflection = 200
9.2 Coupling to the PM = 201
9.3 Multiple Photomultipliers = 202
9.4 Light Guides = 202
9.5 Fluorescent Radiation Converters = 204
9.6 Mounting a Scintillation Detector: An Example = 205
9.7 Scintillation Counter Operation = 208
9.7.1 Testing the Counter = 208
9.7.2 Adjusting the PM Voltage = 209
9.7.3 The Scintillation Counter Plateau = 209
9.7.4 Maintaining PM Gain = 213
10. Semiconductor Detectors = 215
10.1 Basic Semiconductor Properties = 215
10.1.1 Energy Band Structure = 216
10.1.2 Charge Carriers in Semiconductors = 217
10.1.3 Intrinsic Charge Carrier Concentration = 217
10.1.4 Mobility = 218
10.1.5 Recombination and Trapping = 219
10.2 Doped Semiconductors = 220
10.2.1 Compensation = 222
10.3 The np Semiconductor Junction. Depletion Depth = 223
10.3.1 The Depletion Depth = 224
10.3.2 Junction Capacitance = 226
10.3.3 Reversed Bias Junctions = 226
10.4 Detector Characteristics of Semiconductors = 227
10.4.1 Average Energy per Electron-Hole Pair = 228
10.4.2 Linearity = 229
10.4.3 The Fano Factor and Intrinsic Energy Resolution = 229
10.4.4 Leakage Current = 229
10.4.5 Sensitivity and Intrinsic Efficiency = 230
10.4.6 Pulse Shape. Rise Time = 231
10.5 Silicon Diode Detectors = 233
10.5.1 Diffused Junction Diodes = 233
10.5.2 Surface Barrier Detectors (SSB) = 233
10.5.3 Ion-Implanted Diodes = 234
10.5.4 Lithium-Drifted Silicon Diodes - Si(Li) = 235
10.6 Position-Sensitive Detectors = 235
10.6.1 Continuous and Discrete Detectors = 235
10.6.2 Micro-Strip Detectors = 237
10.6.3 Novel Position-Sensing Detectors = 238
10.7 Germanium Detectors = 239
10.7.1 Lithium-Drifted Germanium - Ge(Li) = 239
10.7.2 Intrinsic Germanium = 240
10.7.3 Gamma Spectroscopy with Germanium Detectors = 241
10.8 Other Semiconductor Materials = 242
10.9 Operation of Semiconductor Detectors = 243
10.9.1 Bias Voltage = 243
10.9.2 Signal Amplification = 243
10.9.3 Temperature Effects = 245
10.9.4 Radiation Damage = 245
10.9.5 Plasma Effects = 246
11. Pulse Signals in Nuclear Electronics = 249
11.1 Pulse Signal Terminology = 249
11.2 Analog and Digital Signals = 250
11.3 Fast and Slow Signals = 252
11.4 The Frequency Domain. Bandwidth = 253
12. The NIM Standard = 257
12.1 Modules = 257
12.2 Power Bins = 258
12.3 NIM Logic Signals = 258
12.4 TTL and ECL Logic Signals = 261
12.5 Analog Signals = 261
13. Signal Transmission = 263
13.1 Coaxial Cables = 263
13.1.1 Line Constituents = 265
13.2 The General Wave Equation for a Coaxial Line = 266
13.3 The Ideal Lossless Cable = 267
13.3.1 Characteristic Impedance = 268
13.4 Reflections = 268
13.5 Cable Termination. Impedance Matching = 270
13.6 Losses in Coaxial Cables. Pulse Distortion = 272
13.6.1 Cable Response. Pulse Distortion = 275
14. Electronics for Pulse Signal Processing = 277
14.1 Preamplifiers = 277
14.1.1 Resistive vs Optical Feedback = 279
14.2 Main Amplifiers = 280
14.3 Puise Shaping Networks in Amplifiers = 280
14.3.1 CR-RC Pulse Shaping = 281
14.3.2 Pole-Zero Cancellation and Baseline Restoration = 281
14.3.3 Double Differentiation or CR-RC-CR Shaping = 282
14.3.4 Semi-Gaussian Shaping = 283
14.3.5 Delay Line Shaping = 283
14.4 Biased Amplifiers = 284
14.5 Pulse Stretchers = 284
14.6 Linear Transmission Gate = 284
14.7 Fan-out and Fan-in = 285
14.8 Delay Lines = 286
14.9 Discriminators = 286
14.9.1 Shapers = 287
14.10 Single-Channel Analyzer (Differential Discriminator) = 287
14.11 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC or A／D) = 289
14.11.1 ADC Linearity = 291
14.12 Multichannel Analyzers = 291
14.13 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC or D／A) = 292
14.14 Time to Amplitude Converters (TAC or TPHC) = 294
14.15 Scalers = 294
14.16 Ratemeter = 294
14.17 Coincidence Units = 295
14.18 Majority Logic Units = 295
14.19 Flip-Flops = 296
14.20 Registers (Latches) = 297
14.21 Gate and Delay Generators = 297
14.22 Some Simple and Handy Circuits for Pulse Manipulation = 297
14.22.1 Attenuators = 298
14.22.2 Pulse Splitting = 298
14.22.3 Pulse Inversion = 299
14.23 Filtering and Shaping = 299
14.23.1 Pulse Clipping = 299
14.23.2 High-Pass Filter or CR Differentiating Circuit = 300
14.23.3 RC Low-Pass Filter or Integrating Circuit = 301
15. Pulse Height Selection and Coincidence Technique = 303
15.1 A Simple Counting System = 303
15.2 Pulse Height Selection = 304
15.2.1 SCA Calibration and Energy Spectrum Measurement = 305
15.2.2 A Note on Calibration Sources = 306
15.3 Pulse Height Spectroscopy with Multichannel Analyzers = 307
15.4 Basic Coincidence Technique = 310
15.4.1 Adjusting the Delays. The Coincidence Curve = 311
15.4.2 Adjusting Delays with the Oscilloscope = 312
15.4.3 Accidental Coincidences = 313
15.5 Combining Pulse Height Selection and Coincidence Determination. The Fast-Slow Circuit = 313
15.6 Pulse Shape Discrimination = 314
16. Electronic Logic for Experiments = 317
16.1 Basic Logic Gates: Symbols = 317
16.2 Boolean Laws and Identities = 319
16.3 The Inhibit or Busy = 321
16.4 Triggers = 321
16.4.1 One-Body Scattering = 322
16.4.2 Two-Body Scattering = 322
16.4.3 Measurement of the Muon Lifetime = 323
17. Timing Methods and Systems = 325
17.1 Walk and Jitter = 325
17.2 Time-Pickoff Methods = 326
17.2.1 Leading Edge Triggering (LE) = 326
17.2.2 Fast Zero-Crossing Triggering = 327
17.2.3 Constant Fraction Triggering (CFT) = 327
17.2.4 Amplitude and Risetime Compensated Triggering (ARC) = 327
17.3 Analog Timing Methods = 328
17.3.1 The START-STOP Time-to-Amplitude Converter = 329
17.3.2 Time Overlap TAC's = 330
17.4 Digital Timing Methods = 330
17.4.1 The Time-to-Digital Convener (TDC) = 330
17.4.2 The Vernier, TDC = 332
17.4.3 Calibrating the Timing System = 333
18. Computer Controlled Electronics: CAMAC = 335
18.1 CAMAC Systems = 336
18.2 The CAMAC Standard = 338
18.2.1 Mechanical Standards = 338
18.2.2 Electrical Standards: Digital Signals = 338
18.3 The CAMAC Dataway = 338
18.3.1 Common Control Signals (Z,C,I) = 341
18.3.2 Status Signals = 341
18.3.3 Timing Signals = 341
18.3.4 Data Signals = 341
18.3.5 Address Signals = 341
18.3.6 Command Signals = 342
18.3.7 Pin Allocations = 342
18.4 Dataway Operations = 343
18.4.1 Dataway Timing = 344
18.4.2 Block Transfers = 346
18.5 Multi-Crate Systems - The Branch Highway = 348
18.6 CAMAC Software = 349
Appendix = 353
A. A Review of Oscilloscope Functions = 353
A.1 Basic Structure = 353
A.1.1 Bandwidth and Risetime = 353
A.2 Controls and Operating Modes = 354
A.2.1 Input Coupling = 354
A.2.2 Vertical and Horizontal Sensitivity = 354
A.2.3 Triggering (Synchronization) = 355
A.2.4 Display Modes = 355
A.3 Applications and Examples = 356
A.3.1 Signal Viewing = 356
A.3.2 Comparison of Signals = 356
B. Physical and Numerical Constants = 357
C. Resistor Color Code = 358
References = 359
Subject Index = 371

서점명	서명	판매현황	종이책			전자책 구매링크
서점명	서명	판매현황	정가	판매가(할인율)	포인트(포인트몰)	전자책 구매링크
	Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments: A How-To Approach	판매중	307,980원	277,180원 (10%)	13,860포인트 (5%)

상세검색

RISS 보유자료

상세검색

해외전자자료

Techniques for nuclear and particle physics experiments : a how-to approach

부가정보

온라인 도서 정보

분석정보

연관 공개강의(KOCW)

이 자료와 함께 이용한 RISS 자료

나만을 위한 추천자료