1 Wang Y, "low-dose and short-term application of corticosteroid treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: single-center experience from Wuhan, China"
2 Holshue ML, "Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States" 382 : 929-936, 2020
3 Spanakis N, "Virological and serological analysis of a recent Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection case on a triple combination antiviral regimen" 44 : 528-532, 2014
4 Liu Y, "Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19" 20 : 656-657, 2020
5 Cheng Y, "Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong" 24 : 44-46, 2005
6 안진영, "Use of Convalescent Plasma Therapy in Two COVID-19 Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Korea" 대한의학회 35 (35): 1-8, 2020
7 Stock AT, "Type I IFN suppresses Cxcr2 driven neutrophil recruitment into the sensory ganglia during viral infection" 211 : 751-759, 2014
8 Hung IFN, "Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 : an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial" 395 : 1695-1704, 2020
9 Chan JFW, "Treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or interferon-β1b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset" 212 : 1904-1913, 2015
10 Falzarano D, "Treatment with interferon-α2b and ribavirin improves outcome in MERS-CoV-infected rhesus macaques" 19 : 1313-1317, 2013
11 Chan KS, "Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir/ritonavir : a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study" 9 : 399-406, 2003
12 Arabi YM, "Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome with a combination of lopinavir-ritonavir and interferon-β1b(MIRACLE trial) : study protocol for a randomized controlled trial" 19 : 81-, 2018
13 Shen C, "Treatment of 5 critically Ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma" 323 : 1582-1589, 2020
14 Momattin H, "Therapeutic options for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV)--possible lessons from a systematic review of SARS-CoV therapy" 17 : e792-e798, 2013
15 Warren TK, "Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS- 5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys" 531 : 381-385, 2016
16 Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), "The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) - China"
17 Mair-Jenkins J, "The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology : a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis" 211 : 80-90, 2015
18 Lee AJ, "The dual nature of type I and type II interferons" 9 : 2061-, 2018
19 Jin Yong Kim, "The First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Imported into Korea from Wuhan, China: Implication for Infection Prevention and Control Measures" 대한의학회 35 (35): 1-4, 2020
20 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) — United States, February 12–March 16, 2020"
21 Ströher U, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus is inhibited by interferon-α" 189 : 1164-1167, 2004
22 Hsu LY, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)in Singapore : clinical features of index patient and initial contacts" 9 : 713-717, 2003
23 Sung JJY, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome : report of treatment and outcome after a major outbreak" 59 : 414-420, 2004
24 de Wilde AH, "Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture" 58 : 4875-4884, 2014
25 Stockman LJ, "SARS : systematic review of treatment effects" 3 : e343-, 2006
26 Stockman LJ, "SARS : systematic review of treatment effects" 3 : e343-, 2006
27 Chu CM, "Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS : initial virological and clinical findings" 59 : 252-256, 2004
28 Wu C, "Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China" e200994-, 2020
29 Morgenstern B, "Ribavirin and interferon-β synergistically inhibit SARS-associated coronavirus replication in animal and human cell lines" 326 : 905-908, 2005
30 Omrani AS, "Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection : a retrospective cohort study" 14 : 1090-1095, 2014
31 Weniger H, "Review of side effects and toxicity of chloroquine"
32 Soo YO, "Retrospective comparison of convalescent plasma with continuing high-dose methylprednisolone treatment in SARS patients" 10 : 676-678, 2004
33 Dyall J, "Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection" 58 : 4885-4893, 2014
34 Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, "Report on the Epidemiological Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in the Republic of Korea from January 19 to March 2, 2020" 대한의학회 35 (35): 1-11, 2020
35 Wang M, "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)in vitro" 30 : 269-271, 2020
36 Lian XJ, "Reevaluating the Role of Corticosteroids in Septic Shock : An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 2019 : 3175047-, 2019
37 de Wit E, "Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir(GS-5734)treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection" 117 : 6771-6776, 2020
38 Liu X, "Potential inhibitors against 2019-nCoV coronavirus M protease from clinically approved medicines" 47 : 119-121, 2020
39 López Aspiroz E, "Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir(Kaletra)in HIV-infected patients" 33 : 573-582, 2011
40 Lewis SR, "Pharmacological agents for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome" 7 : CD004477-, 2019
41 Best BM, "Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir crushed versus whole tablets in children" 58 : 385-391, 2011
42 Teijaro JR, "Persistent LCMV infection is controlled by blockade of type I interferon signaling" 340 : 207-211, 2013
43 Ho JC, "Pentaglobin in steroid-resistant severe acute respiratory syndrome" 8 : 1173-1179, 2004
44 Liu F, "Patients of COVID-19 may benefit from sustained lopinavir-combined regimen and the increase of eosinophil may predict the outcome of COVID-19 progression" 95 : 183-191, 2020
45 Molina JM, "No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection" 50 : 384-, 2020
46 Delang L, "Mutations in the chikungunya virus non-structural proteins cause resistance to favipiravir(T-705), a broad-spectrum antiviral" 69 : 2770-2784, 2014
47 de Wilde AH, "MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited by cyclosporin A or interferon-α treatment" 94 : 1749-1760, 2013
48 Cong Y, "MERS-CoV pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells" 13 : e0194868-, 2018
49 Choe PG, "MERS-CoV antibody responses 1 year after symptom onset, South Korea, 2015" 23 : 1079-1084, 2017
50 Leong HN, "Investigational use of ribavirin in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Singapore, 2003" 9 : 923-927, 2004
51 Tan ELC, "Inhibition of SARS coronavirus infection in vitro with clinically approved antiviral drugs" 10 : 581-586, 2004
52 Granados A, "Influenza and rhinovirus viral load and disease severity in upper respiratory tract infections" 86 : 14-19, 2017
53 Chen F, "In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds" 31 : 69-75, 2004
54 Chen F, "In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds" 31 : 69-75, 2004
55 Keyaerts E, "In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine" 323 : 264-268, 2004
56 Dahl H, "In vitro inhibition of SARS virus replication by human interferons" 36 : 829-831, 2004
57 Yao X, "In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)" 2020
58 Poutanen SM, "Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada" 348 : 1995-2005, 2003
59 Shalhoub S, "IFN-α2a or IFN-β1a in combination with ribavirin to treat Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus pneumonia : a retrospective study" 70 : 2129-2132, 2015
60 Liu J, "Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro" 6 : 16-, 2020
61 Tang W, "Hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial"
62 Gautret P, "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19 : results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial" 105949-, 2020
63 Lu R, "Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus : implications for virus origins and receptor binding" 395 : 565-574, 2020
64 Dörnemann J, "First newborn baby to receive experimental therapies survives Ebola virus disease" 215 : 171-174, 2017
65 Shiraki K, "Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections" 107512-, 2020
66 Furuta Y, "Favipiravir(T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor" 100 : 446-454, 2013
67 Chen C, "Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial"
68 Multicenter collaboration group of Department of Science, "Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia" 43 : 185-188, 2020
69 Sissoko D, "Experimental treatment with favipiravir for Ebola virus disease (the JIKI Trial): a historically controlled, single-arm proof-of-concept trial in Guinea" 13 : e1001967-, 2016
70 Cai Q, "Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study" 2020
71 Yeh KM, "Experience of using convalescent plasma for severe acute respiratory syndrome among healthcare workers in a Taiwan hospital" 56 : 919-922, 2005
72 Barnard DL, "Evaluation of immunomodulators, interferons and known in vitro SARS-coV inhibitors for inhibition of SARS-coV replication in BALB/c mice" 17 : 275-284, 2006
73 Oestereich L, "Evaluation of antiviral efficacy of ribavirin, arbidol, and T-705 (favipiravir) in a mouse model for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever" 8 : e2804-, 2014
74 Villar J, "Evaluating the efficacy of dexamethasone in the treatment of patients with persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome : study protocol for a randomized controlled trial" 17 : 342-, 2016
75 Chen N, "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China : a descriptive study" 395 : 507-513, 2020
76 Morrey JD, "Efficacy of orally administered T-705 pyrazine analog on lethal West Nile virus infection in rodents" 80 : 377-379, 2008
77 Chen Z, "Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial"
78 Treanor JJ, "Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza : a randomized controlled trial" 283 : 1016-1024, 2000
79 Lau EH, "Effectiveness of ribavirin and corticosteroids for severe acute respiratory syndrome" 122 : 1150.e11-1150.e21, 2009
80 Li Q, "Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia" 382 : 1199-1207, 2020
81 Lu H, "Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" 14 : 69-71, 2020
82 Siegel D, "Discovery and synthesis of a phosphoramidate prodrug of a pyrrolo[2, 1-f ] [triazin-4-amino] adenine C-nucleoside(GS-5734)for the treatment of Ebola and emerging viruses" 60 : 1648-1661, 2017
83 Dong L, "Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)" 14 : 58-60, 2020
84 Villar J, "Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome : a multicentre, randomised controlled trial" 8 : 267-276, 2020
85 Biot C, "Design and synthesis of hydroxyferroquine derivatives with antimalarial and antiviral activities" 49 : 2845-2849, 2006
86 Zhao Z, "Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)in Guangzhou, PR China" 52 : 715-720, 2003
87 Xie J, "Critical care crisis and some recommendations during the COVID-19 epidemic in China" 46 : 837-840, 2020
88 Rochwerg B, "Corticosteroids in sepsis : an updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 46 : 1411-1420, 2018
89 Lamontagne F, "Corticosteroid therapy for sepsis: a clinical practice guideline" 362 : k3284-, 2018
90 Siemieniuk RA, "Corticosteroid therapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia : a systematic review and meta-analysis" 163 : 519-528, 2015
91 Arabi YM, "Corticosteroid therapy for critically Ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome" 197 : 757-767, 2018
92 Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), "Coronavirus diseases 19"
93 Central Disaster Management Headquarters, "Coronavirus disease-19, Republic of Korea"
94 Grein J, "Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19" 382 : 2327-2336, 2020
95 Knowles SR, "Common adverse events associated with the use of ribavirin for severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada" 37 : 1139-1142, 2003
96 Kim UJ, "Combination therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon-α for Middle East respiratory syndrome" 21 : 455-459, 2016
97 U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Clinical trials for remdesivir in COVID-19"
98 Peiris JSM, "Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia : a prospective study" 361 : 1767-1772, 2003
99 World Health Organization (WHO), "Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance, 13 March 2020"
100 Cheng VCC, "Clinical management and infection control of SARS : lessons learned" 100 : 407-419, 2013
101 Huang C, "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China" 395 : 497-506, 2020
102 Booth CM, "Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area" 289 : 2801-2809, 2003
103 Russell CD, "Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury" 395 : 473-475, 2020
104 Zhou F, "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China : a retrospective cohort study" 395 : 1054-1062, 2020
105 Yang X, "Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China : a single-centered, retrospective, observational study" 8 : 475-481, 2020
106 Hijano DR, "Clinical correlation of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus load measured by digital PCR" 14 : e0220908-, 2019
107 Wang D, "Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China" 323 : 1061-1069, 2020
108 Bai CQ, "Clinical and virological characteristics of Ebola virus disease patients treated with favipiravir(T-705)-Sierra Leone, 2014" 63 : 1288-1294, 2016
109 최원석, "Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in the Republic of Korea" 대한감염학회 48 (48): 118-126, 2016
110 Thomé R, "Chloroquine treatment enhances regulatory T cells and reduces the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis" 8 : e65913-, 2013
111 Vincent MJ, "Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread" 2 : 69-, 2005
112 Wu Z, "Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention" 2020
113 Ko JH, "Challenges of convalescent plasma infusion therapy in Middle East respiratory coronavirus infection : a single centre experience" 23 : 617-622, 2018
114 Chan JFW, "Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus" 67 : 606-616, 2013
115 Sheahan TP, "Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses" 9 : eaal3653-, 2017
116 Brown AJ, "Broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase" 169 : 104541-, 2019
117 Gao J, "Breakthrough : Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies" 14 : 72-73, 2020
118 Deng L, "Arbidol combined with LPV/r versus LPV/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019 : a retrospective cohort study" 81 : e1-e5, 2020
119 Keyaerts E, "Antiviral activity of chloroquine against human coronavirus OC43 infection in newborn mice" 53 : 3416-3421, 2009
120 McChesney EW, "Animal toxicity and pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine sulfate" 75 (75): 11-18, 1983
121 Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, "Analysis on 54 Mortality Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Republic of Korea from January 19 to March 10, 2020" 대한의학회 35 (35): 1-9, 2020
122 Chiou HE, "Adverse effects of ribavirin and outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome : experience in two medical centers" 128 : 263-272, 2005
123 Lew TW, "Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome" 290 : 374-380, 2003
124 Cao B, "A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19" 382 : 1787-1799, 2020
125 Cortegiani A, "A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19" 57 : 279-283, 2020
126 Jin YH, "A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)" 7 : 4-, 2020
127 Chen J, "A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19" 49 : 215-219, 2020
128 Tsang KW, "A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong" 348 : 1977-1985, 2003
129 Belhadi D, "A brief review of antiviral drugs evaluated in registered clinical trials for COVID-19"
130 Momattin H, "A Systematic review of therapeutic agents for the treatment of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV)" 30 : 9-18, 2019
131 Mulangu S, "A Randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics" 381 : 2293-2303, 2019