루터와 칼빈의 두 왕국론과 역사 이해 = Martin Luther and John Calvin`s View of the Two Kingdoms and History

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The theory of the two kingdoms of Luther and Calvin is the key term to understand their view of history. There are two kingdoms, the church as the spiritual power and the state as the secular power. However, Luther and Calvin point out that both the church and state is God`s appointment. In addition, they insist on the Christian view of history which all history is in God`s administration and works. We can see their Christian views of history as God`s activity, sovereignty, and providence. For Luther, his idea of history is based on his theology. His basic idea of history is that history happened in time and man`s experience is from God. For Luther God is a hidden God. He says that we need faith in order to know God`s revelation. Then, the hidden God will become a revealed God to those who have faith. His main idea of theology and history is justification by faith through Jesus Christ (Rom 1:17). So we can say that Luther`s idea of history focuses on Christ. Another Luther`s view of history is eschatology. For Luther, history is a drama from creation to judgment. Let us look at the three Calvin`s concepts of history. These are the concepts of God, Christ, and the Kingdom. Calvin revealed God`s purpose and will in his thinking of history. Calvin searched out God`s signs and His time, the kairos of our day. Lastly, for Calvin, man is a participant, not just a watchman in history and the world is a place to be transformed by his sovereignty. In the historiography, the attitudes of historical writings and interpretations of two reformers are different from medieval scholasticism and modern humanism. They suggest God`s works in history based on the biblical insight and Christian view of the world. They regard the dynamics of history as His providence and sovereignty. At the same time, they emphasize on the role and responsibility of man in history. This is quite different from the medieval view of history. The Christian view of history is not only a limited religious sphere but a political, social, economical, and cultural sphere. History is where God reveals His will and fulfills His providence. As we examine Luther and Calvin`s idea of history, they do not stand on the separation idea of God and the world and give us a balance of God and the world, faith and life, scholarship/learning and piety. This is the legacy of two reformers` view of history.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 홍치모, "칼빈과 낙스" 성광문화사 1991

2 이양호, "칼빈 생애와 사상" 한국신학연구소 1997

3 권태경, "종교개혁기의 역사이해" 8 : 2001

4 이석우, "아우구스티누스" 민음사 1995

5 양한주, "루터의 역사 이해와 두 왕국 사상" 경희대 1993

6 이양호, "루터의 생애와 사상" 대한기독교서회 2003

7 강일구, "루터의 '거룩한 역사' 논리" 한국교회사학회 (13) : 2003

8 지원용, "루터 사상의 진수" 컨콜디아사 1986

9 Bauman, Michael, "기독교 역사가들" 이레출판사 2002

10 이오갑, "교회론 In: 칼빈신학과 목회" 대한기독교서회 1999

11 Althaus, Paul, "The Theology of Martin Luther" Fortress Press 1963

12 Dickens, A. G., "The Reformation in Historical Thought" Basil Blackwell 1985

13 Torrance, T. F., "The Influence of Reformed Theology on the Development of Scientific Method In: Dialogue: A Journal of Theology" 1963

14 Cokin, P, "The Heritage and Challenge of History" 예문 1987

15 Althaus, Paul, "The Ethics of Martine Luther" Fotress Press 1972

16 Luther, Martin, "The Bondage of the Will" Fleming H Revell 1957

17 Dannenfeldt, Karl H, "Some Observations of Luther on Ancient Pre-Greek History In: Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte 42" 1951

18 Calvin, John, "Responsio ad Sadoleti epistolam Petit Traite de la Sainte Cene" 바실리카 1989

19 Lohse, Bernhard, "Martin Luther" Fortress 1986

20 Headley, John M., "Luther’s View of Church History" Yale Univ.Press 1963

21 Bornkamm, Heinrich, "Luther’s Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms in the Context of His Theology" Fortress 1966

22 Porter, J. M., "Luther: Selected Political Writings In: 루터의 정치사상" 컨콜디아사 1985

23 Porter, J. M., "Luther and Political Millenaranism: The Case of the Peasant’s War In: Journal of the History of Idea" 1981

24 Hopfl, Harro, "Luther and Calvin on Secular Authority" Cambridge Univ.Press 1991

25 Luther, Martin, "Luther Works" Fortress 1955

26 Kerr, Hugh T., "Kompendium der Theologie Luthers In: 루터 신학개요" 대한예수교장로회 출판국 1991

27 Torrance, T. F., "Kingdom and Church: A Study in the Theology of the Reformation In: 종교개혁자들의 종말론" 기민사 1987

28 Calvin, John, "Institutes of the Christian Religion" Westminster Press 1960

29 Heckel, Johannes, "Im Irrgarten der Zwei-Reiche-Lehre" Kaiser Verlag 1957

30 Harbison, E. H., "Christianity and History" Princeton Univ.Press 1964

31 T. F. Torrance, "Calvin’s Commentaries The Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Romans and to the Thessalonians" Eerdmans 1973

32 Reid, Stanford, "Calvinism in Sixteenth Century Historiography In: Philosophia Reformata 30" 1965

33 Allen, J. W., "A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century" Methuen & Co., Ltd. 1928