Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries are well-suited for use in both energy storage systems and stationary power supply units because of many advantages including economical (low-cost, abundant starting materials), nontoxic, environmentally comp...
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries are well-suited for use in both energy storage systems and stationary power supply units because of many advantages including economical (low-cost, abundant starting materials), nontoxic, environmentally compatible, and high thermal stability advantages. However, the safety and reliability concerns on LiFePO4 batteries should be resolved to expand its applications.
This thesis investigates the mechanical responses of a 10-Ah LiFePO4 battery under different operating conditions, which is crucial for their design and control enabling solutions. Differential analyses of the swelling and force evolution with change in the state of charge (SOC) validate the direct correlation between the mechanical characteristics and cell chemistry. Consequently, the analysis in this study allows the identification of the electrode phase and transition stages at different C-rates, temperatures, and preloads. As a result, the coexistence of two coherent LiFePO4 phases and a phase/staging diagram for graphite have been established. Moreover, for the first time, the evolution of the equivalent stiffness and that of the equivalent modulus of elasticity were estimated by synchronizing the swelling and force measurements with respect to the SOC. This analysis revealed that the mechanical characteristics can be separated into three regions over the SOC and are strongly influenced by the co-existence of Li-poor Liε LiFePO4 and Li-rich Li1−δFePO4 phases in the cathode.
Based on the profound understanding of characteristics of mechanical responses of LiFePO4 battery, this study proposes a method to predict the evolution of compression force during the degradation of a lithium-ion battery under packed conditions. The total compression force comprises irreversible and reversible forces. The former is estimated using a multivariate machine learning method, whereas the latter is estimated by combining machine learning and phenomenological modeling. For predicting the irreversible force, impedance-related features are extracted and their correlations with the evolution of the irreversible force are quantitatively analyzed using Grey relational analysis. Subsequently, features with high Grey relational grades are employed as representative health indicators for multivariate inputs of Gaussian process regression. For predicting the reversible force, the force evolution during the charge/discharge period is predicted using a phenomenological force model. The equivalent stiffness used in this model is separately estimated depending on the SOC to account for the inherent characteristics of phase transition and different degradation behaviors. The evolution of equivalent stiffness under high SOC shows nonlinearity but weak evolution characteristics, whereas those under low and medium SOCs show linearity but strong evolution characteristics. Finally, the proposed method is used to enable control and design for two potential applications: estimations of the state of health-dependent SOC and separator compression.