중세와 르네상스 시대 기도서에 표현된 자연과 일상 = Nature and Daily Life Represented in the Medieval and Renaissance Prayer Books

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Visual images of everyday life can be found abundantly in the medieval and Renaissance prayer books. It was only from the Late Middle Ages that concrete descriptions of daily life began to appear in the prayer books, especially in liturgical calendars. The earlier insertion of Labors of the Months in the prayer book`s calendar dates back to the mid-12th century. In fatc, while most prayer books of this period did not contain pictures, Labors of the Months along with zodiac signs began to appear on the calendar of Psalters from the mid-12th century. The calendar iconographical programmes created for royal and aristocratic clients visually expresses the division of roles between the lord and the peasant, while justifying the domination of the lord. This ideological orientation did not begin with the famous Les Tres Riches Heures of Duke of Berry, but was instead derived from the iconographical tradition from an earlier period.
Prayer books with a new style emerged in the mid-13th century. These contain marginal ornaments called marginalia or drolerie. Within the marginal ornaments of these prayer books, such as Luttrell Psalter, we can identify a strange world combining everyday life and fantasy. Until the 13th century, however, the description of nature was not presented in detail in the manuscript paintings and ornaments, unlike Gothic sculptures.
It was only from the 14th century that concrete and realistic descriptions of everyday life and of nature was brought into the illuminated prayer books. Later on, in the early 15th century, the famous Brother Limbourg combined the realistic landscape, person, and the description of everyday life. At the same time, the Labors of the Months in the calendar was repositioned from the margin to the center of page. In other words, the appearance of everyday work and entertainment has moved to the center of the screen and occupied a central position. These changes were influenced especially by the empiricism of the influence of ockemism.
Two new trends appeared in the calendars of the Flemish prayer books at the end of the 15th century. While one is a sophisticated depiction of nature and still objects, and the other is a more vivid, colorful and various description of everyday life. In addition, as we can see in the case of the Grimani Breviary, the prayer books were also used as a medical guide. In other words, prayer books have become widely used not only as a medium for prayer, but also as a practical book used in the daily lives.

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