Fish diseases : prevention and control strategies

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of Contributors = xi
• Preface = xiii
• Part Ⅰ Fish
• 1 Immunology : Improvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity / Kim D. Thompson
• 1.1 Introduction = 3
• 1.2 Teleost Immunity = 3
• 1.2.1 Innate Immunity = 4
• 1.2.2 Adaptive Immunity = 6
• 1.2.3 Immune Tissues in Fish = 8
• 1.3 Effectors of the Immune Response = 9
• 1.4 Improvement of the Immune Response = 9
• 1.4.1 Vaccines = 9
• 1.4.2 Immunostimulants = 11
• 1.4.3 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics = 11
• 1.4.4 Nucleotide Diets = 13
• 1.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives = 13
• References = 14
• 2 Improvement of Disease Resistance by Genetic Methods / Nicholas Andrew Robinson ; Trygve Gjedrem ; Edwige Quillet
• 2.1 How to Assess Disease Resistance in Fish? = 21
• 2.1.1 Which Traits Can Be Used to Score Disease Resistance at the Individual Level? = 22
• 2.1.2 Testing for Resistance : Natural Outbreaks Versus Controlled Challenge Testing = 22
• 2.2 Basic Genetic Principles = 24
• 2.2.1 DNA, Chromosomes, and Inheritance = 24
• 2.2.2 Genetic Variation = 24
• 2.2.3 Heritability = 26
• 2.2.4 Inbreeding = 26
• 2.2.5 Correlation Between Traits = 26
• 2.3 Selective Breeding to Improve Resistance = 26
• 2.3.1 General Processes in Relation to Diseases = 26
• 2.3.2 Heritability of Disease Resistance and Survival Traits = 30
• 2.3.3 Response to Selection for Survival and Disease Resistance = 30
• 2.3.4 Combining Resistance to Diseases and Production Traits in Breeding Objectives = 30
• 2.3.5 Resistance to Diseases in Selection Programs Worldwide = 32
• 2.4 Application of New Biotechnologies = 32
• 2.4.1 Measuring Variation in the Nucleotide Sequence of DNA = 33
• 2.4.2 Linkage Mapping and Genome-Wide Association = 34
• 2.4.3 Gene Expression = 41
• 2.4.4 Epigenetics = 41
• 2.4.5 Marker-Assisted and Genomic Selection = 41
• 2.5 Role of Selective Breeding in an Overall Health Improvement Strategy = 42
• 2.5.1 Combining Different Health Management Strategies = 43
• 2.5.2 Selection for Sustainable Resistances : Integrating New Facets of Host Response = 43
• 2.6 Conclusion = 44
• References = 45
• Part Ⅱ Pathogens
• 3 Types of Pathogens in Fish, Waterborne Diseases / Ian Bricknell
• 3.1 Introduction = 53
• 3.2 Host Specificity of Pathogens = 53
• 3.3 Viral Pathogens = 54
• 3.3.1 Virally Induced Host Behavioral Changes = 54
• 3.3.2 Viral Shedding = 54
• 3.3.3 The Carrier Status = 56
• 3.3.4 Vectors = 57
• 3.3.5 Predator-Prey Relationships = 58
• 3.3.6 Modes of Transmission of Bacterial Pathogens Between Fish = 59
• 3.3.7 Bacteria = 59
• 3.3.8 Bacterial Pathogens = 59
• 3.3.9 Methods of Bacterial Transmission = 60
• 3.4 Transmission of Fungal Disease : The Water Molds = 66
• 3.4.1 External "Fungal" Pathogens = 66
• 3.4.2 Egg, Fry, and Larvae Infections = 66
• 3.4.3 Shedding = 67
• 3.4.4 Biofilms and Secondary Infection of Open Wounds = 68
• 3.4.5 Internal Infections and Behavioral Changes = 68
• 3.5 Parasite Transmission = 68
• 3.5.1 Parasite-Induced Host Behavior Changes = 69
• 3.5.2 Shedding = 69
• 3.5.3 Predatory-Prey Relationships = 70
• 3.5.4 Host-Seeking Behavior = 71
• 3.5.5 Vectors = 72
• 3.5.6 Sexually Transmitted Parasites = 72
• 3.5.7 Hormonal Manipulation = 73
• 3.6 Conclusion = 73
• References = 74
• 4 Prophylactic and Prevention Methods Against Diseases in Aquaculture / Parasuraman A. Subramani ; R. Dinakaran Michael
• 4.1 Introduction = 81
• 4.2 General Disease Prevention and Control Methods = 81
• 4.2.1 Quality Seeds = 81
• 4.2.2 Culture Hygiene = 82
• 4.2.3 Water Quality Parameters = 83
• 4.2.4 Nutrition = 83
• 4.2.5 Chemicals Used to Control Diseases = 85
• 4.3 Biologies = 87
• 4.3.1 Vaccines = 87
• 4.3.2 Immunostimulants = 91
• 4.3.3 Probiotics = 104
• 4.4 Conclusions = 106
• Acknowledgment = 106
• References = 106
• 5 Integrated Pathogen Management Strategies in Fish Farming / Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla ; Birgit Oidtmann
• 5.1 The Concept : What Are Integrated Pathogen Management Strategies and Why Does Aquaculture Need Them? = 119
• 5.2 Diagnostic Tools, the Key for Identification and Monitoring of Pathogens = 121
• 5.3 Modeling Disease Transmission and Risk Assessment = 123
• 5.3.1 Risk Factors = 123
• 5.3.2 Disease Modeling = 125
• 5.4 Prevention Strategies in Fish Farming = 126
• 5.4.1 Management of Environmental Risks = 126
• 5.4.2 Management of Host Risks = 132
• 5.5 Treatment Strategies in Fish Farming = 134
• 5.5.1 Chemical Control = 134
• 5.5.2 Biological Control = 135
• 5.5.3 Physical Control = 137
• 5.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives = 138
• Abbreviations = 139
• Acknowledgment = 139
• References = 139
• Part Ⅲ Environment
• 6 General Relationship Between Water Quality and Aquaculture Performance in Ponds / Claude E. Boyd
• 6.1 Introduction = 147
• 6.2 Water Quality-Aquatic Animal Health Interactions = 147
• 6.2.1 Stress = 147
• 6.2.2 Toxicity = 149
• 6.2.3 Optimum Ranges = 149
• 6.2.4 Avoiding Diseases = 150
• 6.3 Management and Water Quality = 151
• 6.4 Water Quality-Related Stressors = 153
• 6.4.1 Temperature and Salinity = 153
• 6.4.2 pH = 153
• 6.4.3 Dissolved Oxygen = 154
• 6.4.4 Carbon Dioxide = 154
• 6.4.5 Ammonia = 155
• 6.4.6 Hydrogen Sulfide = 156
• 6.4.7 Gas Supersaturation = 157
• 6.4.8 Toxic Algae = 159
• 6.4.9 Ionic Imbalance = 159
• 6.5 Water-Quality Management = 159
• 6.5.1 Alkalinity and pH = 160
• 6.5.2 Dissolved Oxygen = 160
• 6.5.3 Nitrogenous Metabolites = 161
• 6.5.4 Hydrogen Sulfide = 162
• 6.5.5 Toxic Algae = 162
• 6.5.6 Gas Supersaturation = 163
• 6.5.7 Ionic Imbalance = 163
• 6.6 Conclusion = 164
• References = 164
• 7 Water Quality-Disease Relationship on Commercial Fish Farms / Zdenka Svobodova ; Jana Machova ; Hana Kocour Kroupova ; Josef Velisek
• 7.1 Water Temperature = 167
• 7.1.1 Etiology = 167
• 7.1.2 Mechanism of Action = 168
• 7.1.3 Clinical Symptoms = 168
• 7.1.4 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms = 169
• 7.1.5 Diagnosis = 169
• 7.1.6 Prevention = 169
• 7.2 Water pH = 169
• 7.2.1 Etiology = 169
• 7.2.2 Mechanism of Action and Toxicity = 169
• 7.2.3 The Impact of Water pH on the Toxicity of Some Substances = 171
• 7.2.4 Clinical Symptoms = 171
• 7.2.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms = 171
• 7.2.6 Diagnosis = 171
• 7.2.7 Therapy = 171
• 7.2.8 Prevention = 171
• 7.3 Oxygen = 172
• 7.3.1 Etiology and Mechanism of Action = 172
• 7.3.2 The Impact of Dissolved Oxygen Level on the Toxicity of Selected Substances = 172
• 7.3.3 Clinical Symptoms = 172
• 7.3.4 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms = 173
• 7.3.5 Diagnosis = 173
• 7.3.6 Therapy = 173
• 7.3.7 Prevention = 173
• 7.4 Ammonia = 173
• 7.4.1 Etiology = 173
• 7.4.2 Mechanism of Action = 174
• 7.4.3 Toxicity = 177
• 7.4.4 Clinical Symptoms = 177
• 7.4.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms = 177
• 7.4.6 Diagnosis = 178
• 7.4.7 Therapy = 178
• 7.4.8 Prevention = 178
• 7.5 Nitrite = 178
• 7.5.1 Etiology = 178
• 7.5.2 Mechanism of Action = 178
• 7.5.3 Toxicity = 179
• 7.5.4 Clinical Symptoms = 180
• 7.5.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms = 180
• 7.5.6 Diagnosis = 180
• 7.5.7 Therapy = 180
• 7.5.8 Prevention = 180
• 7.6 Chlorine = 180
• 7.6.1 Etiology = 180
• 7.6.2 Mechanism of Action = 181
• 7.6.3 Toxicity = 181
• 7.6.4 Clinical Symptoms = 182
• 7.6.5 Pathological-Morphologic Symptoms = 182
• 7.6.6 Diagnosis = 182
• 7.6.7 Therapy = 182
• 7.6.8 Prevention = 182
• Acknowledgments = 182
• References = 182
• 8 Stress and Disease in Fish / Ana Patrícia Mateus ; Deborah M. Power ; Adelino V.M. Canário
• 8.1 Stress and Disease = 187
• 8.1.1 What Is Stress? The Impact of Stress on Aquaculture = 187
• 8.1.2 Physiological Effects and Relationship to Disease = 188
• 8.1.3 Endocrine Control and Mediators = 191
• 8.1.4 Gene Network and Regulation Linking the Immune System to Disease Resistance = 193
• 8.1.5 Stress Management = 208
• 8.1.6 Conclusions = 209
• Acknowledgment = 210
• References = 210
• 9 Planning a Fish-Health Program / Mohamed Faisal ; Hamed Samaha ; Thomas P. Loch
• 9.1 Introduction = 221
• 9.1.1 Formulating a Fish-Health Management Plan at the Farm／Facility Level = 221
• 9.2 Fish Disease-Prevention Plan During the Facility Site Selection, Design, and Construction = 221
• 9.2.1 Choosing an Optimal Site for an Aquaculture Facility Can Minimize Disease Outbreaks = 221
• 9.2.2 Water Quality = 222
• 9.2.3 Temperature = 223
• 9.2.4 Facility Design = 223
• 9.3 Fish Disease-Prevention Plan Prior to Operation = 223
• 9.3.1 Training of Personnel = 223
• 9.3.2 Fish Eggs = 224
• 9.3.3 Food Source and Storage = 225
• 9.3.4 Quarantine = 225
• 9.3.5 Medicine Cabinet = 226
• 9.4 Fish-Health Maintenance Plan During Operation = 226
• 9.4.1 Prophylactic Measures to Minimize Pathogen Introduction Through Gametes = 227
• 9.4.2 Food, Nutrition, Immunostimulants, and Probiotics = 228
• 9.4.3 Maintain an Optimum Environment = 231
• 9.4.4 Disease-Prevention by Segregation and Logistical Planning = 231
• 9.4.5 Fish Handling = 232
• 9.4.6 Monitoring Fish for Disease Signs = 232
• 9.4.7 Sedation and Anesthesia in Fish = 232
• 9.5 Proper Specimen Collection for Diagnostic Purposes = 233
• 9.5.1 Purpose of Investigation = 233
• 9.5.2 Samples Needed = 234
• 9.5.3 Sample Integrity = 234
• 9.5.4 Available Resources = 234
• 9.5.5 Consultation = 234
• 9.5.6 Case History = 234
• 9.6 Fish Transportation = 236
• 9.6.1 Shipping Live Specimens = 236
• 9.6.2 Shipping Fresh Fish Specimens on Ice = 236
• 9.6.3 Frozen Specimens = 236
• 9.7 Vaccination = 236
• 9.8 Biosecurity = 238
• 9.8.1 Minimizing Pathogen Introductions = 238
• 9.8.2 Hygienic Practices to Minimize Pathogen Loads and Interrupt Their Transmission = 239
• 9.9 Control Measures Upon Eruption of a Disease Outbreak = 240
• 9.10 Formulating a Fish-Health Management Plan at the Regional／National and International Levels = 243
• 9.10.1 National, Regional, and International Efforts to Control Pathogen Transfer = 243
• 9.10.2 Components of a Fish-Health Plan at the National and International Levels = 244
• 9.10.3 Disease Surveillance = 245
• 9.10.4 Certification = 245
• 9.10.5 Zoning = 245
• 9.10.6 Risk Assessment = 245
• 9.10.7 Quarantine = 245
• 9.11 Conclusion = 246
• References = 246
• 10 Aquatic Animal Health and the Environmental Impacts / Aaron A. McNevin
• 10.1 Introduction = 249
• 10.2 Natural Resource Use = 250
• 10.2.1 Land = 250
• 10.2.2 Water = 251
• 10.2.3 Energy = 252
• 10.2.4 Embodied Natural Resources = 253
• 10.3 Disease Transfer = 254
• 10.4 Chemical Use = 255
• 10.4.1 Fertilizers = 255
• 10.4.2 Antibiotics = 255
• 10.4.3 Insecticides = 256
• 10.4.4 Herbicides = 256
• 10.4.5 Other Chemicals = 256
• 10.5 Conclusion = 257
• References = 258
• Index = 261