효과적 죽음상담을 위한 죽음 이해 = Effective Counseling on Death & Dying in Christian Counseling: Centering around Biblical & Theological Foundation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper is to clarify the effective counseling on death & dying in Christian counseling. According to the Genesis of the old testament, death came from human`s transgression. A question on death & dying is a foundational question and ultimate asking for humans` existence. Also, death is painful, threatening, and powerful being. So human being is making resistance to avoid death by a lot of medical treatments or methods. Human being, however, is mortal being. In Christian counseling, a counselor ought to make confrontation with death for a client. A Christian counselor has to check whether a client has belief on the Kingdom of heaven beyond death or not. Also, a Christian counselor`s role is to give desire for the hopeful future: the Kingdom of heaven to a client. Generally, eschatology in systematic theology and/or biblical theology have dealt with discussion on death. Eschatology contains things of future, judgement, reward, the Kingdom of heaven, hell, ect. Christian counseling must deal with that what the Bible says on death & dying. Accordingly, this research handled necessity of research for death & dying, definition and notion of death, origin of death, understanding on death through metaphor in the Bible, and counseling methods on death & dying. In conclusion, the researcher emphasized that a Christian counselor ought more to dealt with confidence on salvation and the Kingdom of God through Christ to a client than to avoid death anxiety or thanatophobia to a client. Also, a Christian counselor does not focus on the isolation, nihility, sadness, and regret of a client in due to death. First of all, a Christian counselor has to get a confidence on salvation and the Kingdom of heaven in order to do counseling effectively. The reason to study death in advance is to live meaning life in this world. To deal with cognition on death biblically is essential of Christian counseling.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 황기석, "“죽음의 판정.”한국가톨릭의사협의회 편. in: 의학 윤리" 수문사 1984

2 Carrigan, Robert L., "Where Has Hope Gone? toward an Understanding of Hope in Pastoral Care" 25 (25): 39-, 1976

3 Hellwig, Monika., "What Are They Saying about Death & Christian Hope?" Paulist 1978

4 Leming, Michael R., "Understanding Dying, Death, and Bereavement" Holt, Rinehart & Winston 1985

5 Anderson, Ray S., "Theology, Death and Dying" Basil Blackwell 1986

6 Davies, Douglas J., "The Theology of Death" T & T Clark 2008

7 Charmaz, Kathy., "The Social Reality of Death: Death in Contemporary America" Addison－Wesley 1980

8 Erikson, Erik., "The Life Cycle Completed" W. W. Norton & Company 1982

9 Gilbert, Marvin G., "The Holy Spirit and Counseling" Hendrickson 1988

10 Ankerberg, John, "The Faces on Life after Death" Harvest 1992

11 Reinhardt, Kult F., "The Existentialist Revolt" Frederick Unger 1960

12 Buchanan, Duncan., "The Counseling of Jesus" InterVarsity Press 1985

13 Hauerwas, Stanley, "Suffering Presence" University of Notre Dame 1986

14 Jeffery, Peter., "Sickness and Death in the Christian Family" Evangelical 1993

15 Kubler－Ross, Elisabeth, "On Death and Dying" MacMillan 1969

16 Illman, Karl J., "Old Testament Formula about Death" Publications of the Research Institute of the ABO Akademi Foundation 1979

17 Adams, Jay E., "More Than Redemption: A Theology of Christian Counseling" Presbyterian & Reformed 1979

18 Anderson, J. Kerby., "Life, Death and Beyond" Zondervan 1980

19 Moody, Raymond A., "Life after Life: The Investigation of A Phenomenon－Survival of Bodily Death" Stackpole Books 1976

20 Page, Allen F., "Life after Death: What the Bible Says" Abingdon 1987

21 Fisher, George P., "History of Christian Doctrine" Charles Scribner’s Sons 1988

22 Smith, Harmon L., "Ethics and New Medicine" Abingdon 1970

23 Wass, Hannelore., "Dying Facing the Facts" Hemisphere 1979

24 Kubler－Ross, Elisabeth., "Death: The Final Stage of Growth" A Touchstone 1975

25 Shneidman, Edwin S., "Death: Current Perspectives" Mayfield 1976

26 Bregman, Lucy., "Death in the Midst of Life: Perspectives on Death from Christianity and Depth Psychology" Baker 1992

27 Wensing, Michael G., "Death and Destiny in the Bible" Liturgical 1993

28 Wright, H. Norman., "Crisis Counseling" Here’s Life 1985

29 Bowers, Margaretta K., "Counseling the Dying" Harper & Row 1981

30 Lutzer, Erwin W., "Coming to Grips with Death and Dying" Moody 1992

31 Wilkinson, John., "Christian Ethics in the Health Care" Hangel 1988

32 Benner, David G., "Care of Souls: Revisioning Christian Nurture and Counsel" Baker 1998

33 Campbell, Robert J., "Campbell’s Psychiatric Dictionary" Oxford University 2004

34 Bailey, Lloyd R., "Biblical Perspectives on Death" Fortress 1979

35 Nouwen, Henri J. M., "Beyond the Mirror: Reflections on Death and Life" Crossroad 2002

36 Flannelly, Kevin J., "Beliefs about Life－ after Death, Psychiatric Symptomology and Cognitive Theories of Psychopathology" 36 (36): 94-103, 2008

37 Flannelly, Kevin J., "Belief in Life after death and Mental Health: Findings from a National Survey" 194 (194): 524-529, 2006

38 Michelson, Larry, "Anxiety and Stress Disorders: Cognitive Behavioral Assessment and Treatment" Guilford 1987

39 VandenBos, Gary R., "APA Dictionary of Psychology" APA 2004