This paper explores strategies of and directions in Korean households’ asset management in the era of population aging. Unfavorable conditions for asset management, structural changes in the Korean economy such as low level of growth, along with the...
This paper explores strategies of and directions in Korean households’ asset management in the era of population aging. Unfavorable conditions for asset management, structural changes in the Korean economy such as low level of growth, along with the daunting challenge of ongoing population aging are posing significant obstacles for securing and retaining retirement savings, stressing the importance of financial stability in the post-retirement life. However, public and private pension funds, private asset transfer and other traditional sources of income for senior citizens, are ill-functioned, spawning substandard results. Therefore, in order to secure sufficient fund for post-retirement life, it may be a good idea for each household to save earned income on a regular basis and to accumulate asset income in a more proactive manner. In particular, each household is likely to take the initiative in providing for old age in the foreseeable future, which suggests the dependency on the government or the market for financial stability after retirement will substantially shrink. Thus, it is desirable for households themselves to start discussions of financial stability after retirement. For this reason, this paper selected Japanese households which have experiences of dealing with the phenomenon of population aging in their asset management, to draw implications upon the Korean society.
This paper also analyzes a series of environmental changes surrounding Japanese households, such as the macroeconomy, government policies and company responses to population aging, compares them with those of Korea and ultimately seeks ways to secure retirement savings for Korean families.
Currently, Korea is getting old at a rapid pace. Since 2000, concerns about the issue of population aging have increased drastically. Korea became an aged society in 2000 with its population aged 65 and above exceeding 7% of the total, and since then population aging has emerged as a megatrend in Korea. Given the unprecedented pace of population aging, it is not an overstatement to say that the government, companies and households are seriously feeling a sense of urgency. As Korea spelt the end of rapid economic growth, the economy seems to be reeling from "premature aging"from 2000, with low economic growth taking hold. Yet the phenomenon of population aging is ever more intensifying at the moment, thus inaction will lead to Korea either repeating the mistakes of advanced countries that could swell into conflicts in the future, or being exposed to even more serious shocks.
Chapter one analyzes the phenomenon of population aging, where it is heading and environmental changes in Japan, since the basis of argument starts with the case of Japan. Japan’s case will provide a good comparison with Korea. Since entering into an aging society in 1970, population aging has gathered so much momentum that the country became a super-aged society in 2005, with a sense of urgency about to reach its peak. Now Japanis facing an important inflection point. As of 2004, Japan’s average life expectancy was 78.64 and 85.89 for male and female respectively, yet is projected to rise to 80.95 and 89.22 in 2050. Still, the financial situation of retirees is relatively good. The main source of income for the elderly is found to be public pension fund (71.9%), earned income (17.6%) and property income (5.4%). The government of Japan launched new policies to secure diversified source of income and other supportive measures for the elderly. Chapter one also looks at environmental changes in Japan, including Japan’s macroeconomic changes which inevitably have a huge influence on Japanese people’s management of retirement savings, on government policies and corporate management, as these changes help find consequences of population aging, challenges for providing for old age as well as suitable alternatives for such challenges.
Chapter two studies Japanese households’ asset management strategies on the basis of ongoing population aging and environmental changes such as the macroeconomy, government policies and corporate management. Japanese households made substantial modification in their traditional asset management while undergoing bubble bursts and the Lost Decade in 1990’s, as well as ever-intensifying trend of population aging. In 1989, the share of real estate in total asset surged as high as 63%, only to decline to the low 40%s, yet the share of financial assets is consistently on the rise. In particular, the proportion of risky assets such as stocks and funds has increased, pushing down that of safe assets like cash and savings. In other words, the financial paradigm has shifted from savings to investment, reinforcing the fact that there is a growing number of household that values profitability over stability. In the past, Japanese households had heavy focus on safety-oriented asset management?due to particular characteristics of Japan, almost all assets were in the form of real estate, cash or savings that were regarded as a kind of safe asset. The Japanese did not feel the need to have retirement savings thanks to its lifelong employment and seniority system, thus there was a very low level of uncertainties about their life after retirement. Nonetheless, Japanese households these days are pressured to undergo change as a result of impaired systems that once acted as sources of income for senior citizens. Therefore, Japanese households chose to make incremental changes in their asset portfolio by opting for profitability rather than stability, and for risky assets like stocks and funds rather than cash and savings.
Chapter three examines the implications of changing environment and asset management strategies of Japanese households for Korean households in the era of aging society. First, the chapter looks at the current situation and the features of population aging in Korea, and then details environmental changes in the macroeonomy, government policies and corporate management, which all affect asset management strategies of each household. Population aging deteriorates socioeconomic conditions in Korea, as it does in Japan, because it has ripple effects in the whole spectrum of economy, such as supply, demand and distribution sectors that are closely tied to the macroeconomy. On the other hand, government policies related to the aging trend are at in incipient stage of execution in Korea, so it appears Koreans are less recognizant of, and ill-prepared for population aging. Questions are raised over the effectiveness and continued implementation of such policies since many of them ended up as one-time events rather than long-term national roadmaps. For example, it is still unclear whether Korea’s national pension will function well enough to provide for old age. Retirement annuity system was launched as a private means of retirement savings, yet it will take some time for the system to become a full-fledged system.
Therefore, it is necessary to reestablish policy systems for households to have productive means of preparing for post-retirement life by revitalizing the senior labor system, or improving the overall environment for better asset management. In other words, Korean households, amid the whirlwind of changes in the macroeconomy, government policies and corporate management, are required even more to adopt a new model of asset management, as traditional models will be no longer valid to secure and accumulate post-retirement fund. It seems that many Koreans are not absolutely assured of financial stability after retirement since Korean households tend to have one-sided asset portfolio similar to that of Japanese. About 70% to 80% of total asset is made up of real estate. Moreover, savings and installment savings take up more than half of their financial asset. Korea’s less-than-daring asset portfolio is found to be attributable to poor recognition of asset management and ill preparedness for life after retirement, as can be seen in excessive focus on safe assets like savings and real estate.
Chapter four is the conclusion of this paper. It proposes ways of accomplishing financial stability after retirement?strongly recommended to accommodate the intensifying trend of population aging?by looking at the case study of Japan, environmental changes such as the macroeconomy, government policies and corporate management in Korea and realities of asset management, discussed in the preceding chapters. To this end the paper compares the conditions and strategies of asset management of Korean and Japanese households to guide Koreans’ asset management towards a better course. In the era of aging society, environmental changes and asset management strategies of Korean and Japanese households bear many similarities and differences. Their commonalities are: the pressure of and concerns about asset management following faster-than-expected pace of population aging and longer life expectancy, asset transfer(inheritance), lost enthusiasm of workforce from massive retirement, bipolarization of asset due to growing income gap, poor-functioning public pension funds. On the other hand, they differ in the level of national wealth and accumulated asset, the recognition of and concerns about providing for old age, the scope of social safety net and its contribution, the pace of population aging, financial soundness, wealth of senior citizens, recognition and patterns of asset management, and so forth. After all, Korea is a late starter of retirement measures, and is less well-positioned in terms of accumulated asset not to mention pension structures, but Koreans remain passive to revamping their traditional asset management, as a new approach may expose them to higher risks. In fact, safe assets such as savings, installment savings and insurance, where the principal sum is retrievable, take an excessively large chunk of Koreans’ financial assets, yet a majority of Koreans still hold onto real estate assets as well?thus it is appropriate to say that Korean households have dual allocation of assets and they have now come to the limit of such asset management strategies.
The following is a new strategy Korean households should adopt, proposed through a comparative study of asset management strategies of Korea and Japan in the era of population aging; have less expectation for pension funds?both private and public?, private supports?among traditional sources of income for senior citizens, mentioned as a variable in the hypothesis?which have been proven ineffective. Rather, strive to secure more earned income and assets income which are projected to be a promising and effective source of income for retirees. Needless to say, Korean households seem to be slowly diverting their interest from savings to investment since 2004, driven by booming investment in various funds and growing concerns about population aging. In particular, Koreans are showing interest in foreign assets, increasing their share in asset portfolio, just like Japanese. However, heavy focus on real estate, conservative approaches to stock investment and the risk-aversive tendency of senior citizens in their asset management tell us that compared with not only Japanese but also with advanced countries, the paradigm change in asset management seems to be very much in delay in Korea.
After all, it would be best for Korean households to hasten its efforts for a paradigm change in asset management from savings to investment, on the basis of comparative analysis of Japan’s experience, Korea’s current situation and changes in circumstances. In the larger context, the paradigm shift of asset management is inextricably linked to asset reallocation. In other words, this is about expanding the share of risky financial assets such as stocks and funds while reducing the share of real estate in the asset portfolio. In Korean households’ asset mix, real estate sometimes stands at 90% at maximum, financial assets at 10% --more than half of this 10% is in the form of savings or installment savings, so it is fair to say that Korea prefers safe assets to risky ones. Yet this is not a sensible strategy for asset management in the era of population aging. That is why a new model should be established immediately to raise expectations about good investment through realignment of asset. In particular, Koreans may benchmark the asset management techniques of Japanese households whose majority of financial assets is securities. Also, it is necessary to stress the importance of diversified investment for well-balanced asset allocation that enhances profitability and stability. To this end, an improved financial environment is urgently called for, to achieve a diversified, lasting and sound asset market.
For Korean households’efforts for financial soundness of senior citizens to bear fruit, positive working conditions and a pro-investment climate should be provided so that the new strategy mentioned earlier will be able to start off a virtuous cycle. A promising solution that can maintain the pace of growth, address uncertainties of economy while dispelling anxieties about post-retirement life, is to raise the retirement age. To this end, the government of Korea should promptly enhance the macroeconomic stability and predictability, thereby removing uncertainties of the economy. At the same time, companies should proactively change their mindset in order to create and maintain the source of income for the elderly. To encourage such efforts, it is vital to retool the foundation and the environment of the asset market. Real estate?a lion’s share of asset mix?should be securitized, and for increased share of risky assets such as stocks and funds, product lineups should be fortified through diversified forms of investment. To meet this objective, it is fair to say that the soundness and stability of the financial infrastructure should be strengthened, while emphasizing the inevitability and effectiveness of paradigm shift from savings to investment to induce a spontaneous change of mindset of Korean households.