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      Cell toxicity and autophagy in A549 cells treated with surface-functionalized graphene derivatives

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T16954039

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      Graphene oxide and its derivatives have unique physical and chemical properties with applications in many different fields, including biomedicine. However, their biological effects and mechanisms of intracellular toxicity, including autophagy, have not been completely clarified. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and autophagic activities of graphene oxide and its derivatives in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. In the experimental procedure, A549 cells were treated with graphene oxide (GO), dodecylamine graphene oxide (DA-GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and sodium dodecyl sulfatereduced graphene oxide (SDS-rGO), and their cytotoxicity and protein expression levels were measured using the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay and western blot analysis.
      Treating A549 cells with each type of graphene induced a concentration-dependent toxic effect on the cells, with no obvious cytotoxicity at low concentrations (32 𝜇𝜇g/mL). However, those treated with graphene with dodecylamine and sodium dodecyl sulfate functional groups exhibited high toxicity compared to its native form at high concentrations (>100 𝜇𝜇g/mL). Cells exposed to the graphene materials exhibited increased conversion of LC3A/B-I to LC3A/B-II depending on concentration, indicating increased autophagy activity. They also exhibited reduced levels of mTOR protein, a negative regulator of autophagy, compared to a control group for all graphene materials. However, concentrations of Beclin-1, a positive regulator of autophagy, were lower for all types of GO. These findings suggest that graphene exposure may induce Beclin-1-independent autophagy in a non-canonical manner, or that this may be a result of the involvement of apoptosis-associated substances that suppress autophagy. However, the exact mechanisms of the autophagy process are not well-understood, and further research remains necessary.
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      Graphene oxide and its derivatives have unique physical and chemical properties with applications in many different fields, including biomedicine. However, their biological effects and mechanisms of intracellular toxicity, including autophagy, have no...

      Graphene oxide and its derivatives have unique physical and chemical properties with applications in many different fields, including biomedicine. However, their biological effects and mechanisms of intracellular toxicity, including autophagy, have not been completely clarified. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and autophagic activities of graphene oxide and its derivatives in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. In the experimental procedure, A549 cells were treated with graphene oxide (GO), dodecylamine graphene oxide (DA-GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and sodium dodecyl sulfatereduced graphene oxide (SDS-rGO), and their cytotoxicity and protein expression levels were measured using the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay and western blot analysis.
      Treating A549 cells with each type of graphene induced a concentration-dependent toxic effect on the cells, with no obvious cytotoxicity at low concentrations (32 𝜇𝜇g/mL). However, those treated with graphene with dodecylamine and sodium dodecyl sulfate functional groups exhibited high toxicity compared to its native form at high concentrations (>100 𝜇𝜇g/mL). Cells exposed to the graphene materials exhibited increased conversion of LC3A/B-I to LC3A/B-II depending on concentration, indicating increased autophagy activity. They also exhibited reduced levels of mTOR protein, a negative regulator of autophagy, compared to a control group for all graphene materials. However, concentrations of Beclin-1, a positive regulator of autophagy, were lower for all types of GO. These findings suggest that graphene exposure may induce Beclin-1-independent autophagy in a non-canonical manner, or that this may be a result of the involvement of apoptosis-associated substances that suppress autophagy. However, the exact mechanisms of the autophagy process are not well-understood, and further research remains necessary.

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      국문 초록 (Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      산화 그래핀과 그 유도체는 독특한 물리적, 화학적 특성을 지니고 있어 생물의학을 비롯한 다양한 분야에서 응용되지만, 이러한 물질의 생물학적 효과와 자가 포식을 비롯한 세포내 독성 기전 작용은 아직까지 완전히 밝혀지지 않았다. 따라서 이 연구에서는, 인간 폐암종 A549 세포에서 산화 그래핀과 그 유도체의 세포 독성 및 자가 포식 활동에 대해 알아보고자 하였다.
      실험 방법으로는 A549 세포에 산화 그래핀(GO), 도데실아민-산화 그래핀(DA-GO), 환원 산화 그래핀(rGO), 황산 도데실 나트륨-환원 산화 그래핀 (SDS-rGO)를 처리하고, 3-(4,5-디메틸티아졸-2-일)-2,5-디페닐테트라졸륨 브로마이드 (MTT) 분석 및 웨스턴 블롯 분석을 사용하여 세포 독성 및 단백질 발현 수준을 측정하였다.
      각 그래핀을 A549 세포에 처리한 결과, 농도 의존적으로 A549 세포에 독성 효과가 유도되었으며, 저농도 (32𝜇g/mL)에서는 뚜렷한 세포 독성이 나타나지 않았으나 도데실아민과 황산 도데실 나트륨 기능기를 가진 그래핀은 고농도(100𝜇g/mL 이상)에서 원래 형태에 비해 높은 독성을 나타내었다. 또한, 자가 포식 활성을 나타내는 지표인 LC3A/B-I에서 LC3A/B-II로의 전환 비율은 그래핀의 농도 및 노출 시간에 따라 증가하였고, 자가포식의 음성 조절인자인 mTOR의 발현은 그래핀 노출 시 대조군에 비해 감소하였다. 반면, 자가포식의 양성 조절인자인 베클린-1의 발현은 모든 그래핀 유형에서 대조군에 비해 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 그래핀 노출이 베클린-1에 의존하지 않는 변형적 자가 포식 방식으로 자가포식 과정을 유도했거나, 자가포식을 억제하는 세포사멸 관련 물질의 상호 작용에 의한 결과로 추정된다. 그러나 자가포식 과정의 정확한 기전은 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않아 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.
      번역하기

      산화 그래핀과 그 유도체는 독특한 물리적, 화학적 특성을 지니고 있어 생물의학을 비롯한 다양한 분야에서 응용되지만, 이러한 물질의 생물학적 효과와 자가 포식을 비롯한 세포내 독성 기...

      산화 그래핀과 그 유도체는 독특한 물리적, 화학적 특성을 지니고 있어 생물의학을 비롯한 다양한 분야에서 응용되지만, 이러한 물질의 생물학적 효과와 자가 포식을 비롯한 세포내 독성 기전 작용은 아직까지 완전히 밝혀지지 않았다. 따라서 이 연구에서는, 인간 폐암종 A549 세포에서 산화 그래핀과 그 유도체의 세포 독성 및 자가 포식 활동에 대해 알아보고자 하였다.
      실험 방법으로는 A549 세포에 산화 그래핀(GO), 도데실아민-산화 그래핀(DA-GO), 환원 산화 그래핀(rGO), 황산 도데실 나트륨-환원 산화 그래핀 (SDS-rGO)를 처리하고, 3-(4,5-디메틸티아졸-2-일)-2,5-디페닐테트라졸륨 브로마이드 (MTT) 분석 및 웨스턴 블롯 분석을 사용하여 세포 독성 및 단백질 발현 수준을 측정하였다.
      각 그래핀을 A549 세포에 처리한 결과, 농도 의존적으로 A549 세포에 독성 효과가 유도되었으며, 저농도 (32𝜇g/mL)에서는 뚜렷한 세포 독성이 나타나지 않았으나 도데실아민과 황산 도데실 나트륨 기능기를 가진 그래핀은 고농도(100𝜇g/mL 이상)에서 원래 형태에 비해 높은 독성을 나타내었다. 또한, 자가 포식 활성을 나타내는 지표인 LC3A/B-I에서 LC3A/B-II로의 전환 비율은 그래핀의 농도 및 노출 시간에 따라 증가하였고, 자가포식의 음성 조절인자인 mTOR의 발현은 그래핀 노출 시 대조군에 비해 감소하였다. 반면, 자가포식의 양성 조절인자인 베클린-1의 발현은 모든 그래핀 유형에서 대조군에 비해 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 그래핀 노출이 베클린-1에 의존하지 않는 변형적 자가 포식 방식으로 자가포식 과정을 유도했거나, 자가포식을 억제하는 세포사멸 관련 물질의 상호 작용에 의한 결과로 추정된다. 그러나 자가포식 과정의 정확한 기전은 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않아 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • Ⅰ. Introduction 1
      • Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 3
      • 1. Synthesis of Graphene oxide (GO) 3
      • 2. Synthesis of Dodecylamine-Modified GO (DA-GO) 3
      • 3. Synthesis of Reduced GO (rGO) 4
      • Ⅰ. Introduction 1
      • Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 3
      • 1. Synthesis of Graphene oxide (GO) 3
      • 2. Synthesis of Dodecylamine-Modified GO (DA-GO) 3
      • 3. Synthesis of Reduced GO (rGO) 4
      • 4. Synthesis of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Modified reduced GO (SDS-rGO) 4
      • 5. Cell Culturing and Treatment with GO Derivatives 7
      • 6. Cytotoxicity Assay 7
      • 7. Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis 8
      • Ⅲ. Results 10
      • 1. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of 4 types of GO Derivatives 10
      • 2. The cytotoxicity of A549 cells treated with GO Derivatives 12
      • 3. Autophagy related molecules and activities as detected by western blot in A549 cells 13
      • IV. Discussion 16
      • V. Conclusions 23
      • References 24
      • 국문초록 31
      • ABSTRACT 33
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      참고문헌 (Reference)

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