기능적 분화와 다중합리성의 시대: 근대사회의 병리현상으로서 소통 불가능성 = Functional Differentiation and the Age of Multirationality: Incommunicability as a Pathological Phenomenon of Modern Society

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The concept of the multitude has become an unavoidable phenomenon in modernity as an attempt to grasp totality amid the fragmentation of human experience. The multiplicity of modern society has been explained in various ways by sociologists, but this paper understands the multiplicity of modern society as the multirationality of social systems through functional differentiation. As society becomes functionally differentiated, each functional system creates its own form of communication according to different medium, thereby ensuring the system's continuity and establishing its own rationality. Furthermore, through self-referential operation, functional systems become operationally closed. Due to functional differentiation, the rationality of society can no longer converge into a singular rationality for the whole societal, and one of the reasons for this is the constructivism and contingency based on the modern semantic of certainty, namely second-order observation. In the functionally differentiated society, it becomes increasingly difficult to reach societal consensus based on morality or obligation(Sollen), as rationality is constituted in a multiplicity of ways according to systems. Therefore, this paper argues that the modern society faces the pathological phenomenon of incommunicability due to multirationality. However, to solve world society-issues, rather than relying on moral consensus based on overall societal rationality, communication should be held in consideration of the structural condition of incommunicability in modern society. In modern society, where the variety of actions and experiences has increased, the capacity for deconstruction/recombination has also grown. Since science(especially for sociology) holds more sources of variation, it is possible to place hope in the capabilities of functional systems. It is possible to draw new distinctions that align with each rationalities of functional systems, but this is only achievable by relying on the potential of contingency.