Making sense of lung function tests : a hands-on guide

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xv
• Acknowledgement = xv
• Abbreviations = xvii
• 1 Expressions of normality = 1
• Part 1 Tests Of Airway Function And Mechanical Properties = 5
• 2 Peak expiratory flow = 7
• Introduction = 7
• Test description and technique = 7
• Pitfalls = 7
• Physiology of test = 8
• Normal values = 8
• Peak flow variability in the diagnosis of asthma = 8
• Assessment and management of asthma = 11
• Pitfall = 12
• 3 Spirometry and the flow-volume loop = 13
• Introduction = 13
• Measured indices and key definitions = 13
• Test description and technique = 13
• Physiology of tests = 16
• Maximum expiratory flows = 18
• Normal values = 20
• Assessment of severity of obstruction = 21
• Mid-expiratory flows = 22
• FVC versus VC = 23
• Patterns of abnormality = 23
• Reduction of FEVi and FVC = 27
• Mixed obstructive／restrictive defect = 27
• Non-specific ventilatory defect = 28
• Large airways obstruction = 29
• Fixed upper airway obstruction = 29
• Variable extrathoracic obstruction = 29
• Variable intrathoracic obstruction = 31
• Clinical pearls = 31
• 4 Airway responsiveness = 35
• Introduction = 35
• Test physiology = 35
• Test descriptions = 36
• Interpretation of results = 37
• 5 Fractional concentration of expired nitric oxide = 41
• Introduction = 41
• Test description／technique = 41
• Physiology of test = 42
• Normal values and interpretation = 43
• Specific considerations = 44
• 6 Gas transfer = 45
• Introduction = 45
• Measured indices／key definitions = 45
• Test description = 47
• Physiology of gas exchange = 48
• Normal values = 48
• Patterns of abnormality = 49
• Clinical pearls = 54
• 7 Static lung volumes and lung volume subdivisions = 57
• Introduction = 57
• Measured indices／key definitions = 57
• Test descriptions／techniques = 59
• Physiology of lung volumes = 64
• Normal values = 65
• Patterns of abnormality = 66
• Specific considerations = 68
• Clinical pearls = 70
• 8 Airway resistance = 73
• Introduction = 73
• Physiology of airway resistance tests = 74
• Plethysmography technique = 75
• Oscillometry techniques = 79
• Assessment of severity = 84
• Specific and clinical considerations = 84
• 9 Respiratory muscle strength = 87
• Introduction = 87
• Test descriptions／techniques = 87
• Clinical interpretation of tests of muscle strength = 93
• Sleep, ventilatory failure, and VC = 95
• Clinical pearls = 99
• Part 2 Blood Gas Interpretation = 103
• 10 Assessment of ventilation = 105
• Introduction = 105
• Measured indices／key definitions = 105
• Physiology of ventilation in relation to CO₂ = 105
• Normal values = 108
• Measurement of venous blood gases = 109
• Causes of hypercapnia = 109
• Causes of low Pco₂ = 112
• Clinical pearls = 113
• 11 Assessment of haemoglobin saturation = 115
• Introduction = 115
• Measured indices = 115
• Measurement of oxygen saturation = 116
• Pulse oximetry = 117
• Pros and cons of pulse oximetry = 120
• Physiology - oxygen dissociation curve = 120
• Normal values = 122
• Carbon monoxide poisoning = 122
• Clinical pearls = 123
• 12 Assessment of oxygenation = 125
• Introduction = 125
• Normal values = 125
• Measurement of Pao₂ = 125
• Measurement of arterialised capillary Po₂ = 126
• The oxygen cascade = 127
• Arterial blood = 129
• Tissue = 132
• Relationship between alveolar Po₂and arterial Pco₂ = 132
• Clinical pearls = 133
• Specific clinical considerations = 133
• 13 Assessment of acid-base balance = 137
• Introduction = 137
• Measured indices／key definitions = 137
• Physiology of acid-base balance = 138
• Classification of acid-base disorders = 140
• Evaluating compensation of acid-base disturbance = 141
• Summary : Evaluation of acid-base disorders = 143
• Part 3 Exercise Testing = 145
• 14 Field exercise tests = 147
• Introduction = 147
• Measurement indices = 147
• Description of tests = 148
• Choice of field-walking test = 149
• Physiology of field exercise tests = 150
• Normal values = 151
• Clinical pearls = 152
• 15 Cardiopulmonary exercise testing = 155
• Introduction = 155
• Measured indices／key definitions = 155
• Test description／technique = 155
• Physiology of exercise testing = 159
• Patterns of abnormality = 165
• Summary = 169
• Assessment of severity = 169
• Specific considerations = 171
• Part 4 Interpretation = 173
• 16 A strategy for interpretation of pulmonary function tests = 175
• Introduction = 175
• 17 Characteristic pulmonary function abnormalities = 183
• Airway diseases = 183
• Restrictive diseases = 185
• Pulmonary vascular disease = 187
• Carbon monoxide poisoning = 187
• References = 189
• Index = 197