대립개념과 보완개념들을 통해 추적한 문명 개념의 변천과정 -18세기와 19세기 초의 프랑스를 중심으로- = The Transition of the Concept of Civilization in the Eighteenth-and Early-Nineteenth-Century France

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The concept of civilization reflecting social relations and changes of time, continue to produce its opposite concepts, to surmount this opposition and finally to widen within universal reach. In the mid-eighteenth century, one word used by the bourgeoisie to designate good manners among courtly people succeed in obtaining the connotation of the word civilization, as it prevailed over other words belonging to the same family. As modern political philosophers, such as Hobbes, Lockes and Rousseau, suppose the state of nature to be opposed to civil society, so the concept of civilization, which succeed this, is characterized as an opposition to nature, and it obtains the universal extension. In the latter part of the eighteenth century, this concept is enriched with the characteristics of the Enlightenment, such as breaking with the past, the awakening of reason, individual liberty, social equality, social progress and development, etc. However, during the Restoration(1814~1830), ideologists like Cousin, Guizot and Jouffroy rehabilitate the continuity of French history to establish the French national identity, and also emphasize the unity of Europe in an Eurocentric attitude. This attitude, which motivated Western expansionism, was transmitted to a Japanese thinker, Hukuzawa Yukichi who, in turn, triggered considerable controversy around the subjects of civilization and enlightenment among East Asians.

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