Metal–halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising thin film photovoltaics owing to their strong absorption, long carrier diffusion lengths, and low temperature solution processability. In particular, narrow bandgap (NBG) mixed Pb–Sn perovsk...
Metal–halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising thin film photovoltaics owing to their strong absorption, long carrier diffusion lengths, and low temperature solution processability. In particular, narrow bandgap (NBG) mixed Pb–Sn perovskites (Eg = 1.25 eV) are attractive as bottom cells in all perovskite tandems, but suffer from Sn²⁺ oxidation, high defect densities, and severe interfacial recombination, which are strongly influenced by the hole transport layer (HTL). Poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene
):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the standard HTL in p–i–n Sn–Pb PSCs, is acidic and hygroscopic, accelerates interfacial degradation, and exhibits non ideal band alignment with Sn–Pb absorbers, thereby limiting efficiency and long term stability.
Here, we replace PEDOT:PSS with two complementary HTLs—Li doped nickel oxide (NiOX) and amine doped poly(3 (4 carboxybutyl)thiophene 2,5 diyl) (P3CT)—to improve both performance and stability of Sn–Pb PSCs. Li incorporation into solution processed NiOX shifts the valence band maximum from −5.31 eV to −5.24 eV, closely matching the valence band of a (FASnI3)0.6(MAPbI3)0.4 absorber (−5.27 eV), while increasing conductivity and hole carrier density without sacrificing optical transmittance. Optimized Li:NiOX (20 mol%) yields enhanced charge extraction and, combined with a highly diluted PEDOT:PSS surface treatment to suppress Ni³⁺/Sn²⁺ redox, delivers a NBG PSC with a JSC of 30.7 mA cm⁻², VOC of 0.72 V, FF of 0.70, and PCE of 15.33%.
In parallel, we develop an organic HTL based on P3CT doped with phenethylamine (PEA). Acid–base complexation between P3CT and PEA forms P3CT–COO⁻·PEA–H⁺ without oxidizing the polythiophene backbone, maintaining the high transmittance and ohmic character of the HTL while enabling interfacial defect passivation via the protonated amine at the P3CT/perovskite interface. The resulting P3CT PEA HTL substantially improves FF and device efficiency, achieving a champion NBG Sn–Pb PSC with PCE = 22.8% and superior operational stability compared to PEDOT:PSS based controls. These results demonstrate that combining band engineered inorganic NiOX and defect passivating conjugated polyelectrolytes provides a powerful strategy to replace corrosive PEDOT:PSS and realize efficient, durable Sn–Pb PSCs for all perovskite tandem architectures.