[단행본] Kinetics of Human Motion

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

WRITTEN BY A RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY ON THE SUBJECT, "KINETICS OF HUMAN MOTION" IS THE SEQUEL AND COMPANION TO THE 1998 TEXT "KINEMATICS OF HUMAN MOTION". BIOMECHANICS EXPERT VLADIMIR ZATSIORSKY HAS WRITTEN THIS BOOK TO BE AN INDISPENSABLE REFERENCE FOR HUMAN MOVEMENT PROFESSIONALS. ALTHOUGH BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOTION CAN BE CONDUCTED ON DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL LEVELS, THIS BOOK FOCUSES ON THE EXAMINATION OF FORCES THAT CREATE ENTIRE BODY MOTION, THEREBY DEVELOPING THE BIOMECHANICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE READER. THIS TEXT IS ADVANCED AND ASSUMES SOME KNOWLEDGE OF ALGEBRA AND CALCULUS, YET THE EMPHASIS IS CLEARLY ON UNDERSTANDING PHYSICAL CONCEPTS, NOT MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE. THE BOOK FEATURES HELPFUL REFRESHERS OF BASIC MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS AND KINESIOLOGY AND OTHER MOVEMENT-RELATED TOPICS TO FACILITATE READER COMPREHENSION OF THE TOPICS PRESENTED. THE ILLUSTRATIONS AND EQUATIONS HELP TO CLARIFY AND REEMPHASIZE THE MAIN CONCEPTS; IT ALSO CONTAINS REVIEW PROBLEMS, APPLIED RESEARCH PROBLEMS, END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS, AND REFERENCES THROUGHOUT. FOR A MORE ROUNDED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONCEPTS, EACH CHAPTER INCLUDES "FROM THE LITERATURE" ELEMENTS, WHICH SUPPORT THE THEORIES DISCUSSED WHILE OFFERING OTHER VIEWPOINTS. THIS IS THE SECOND IN A THREE-BOOK SERIES THAT WILL COVER THE ENTIRE RANGE OF BIOMECHANICS OF HUMAN MOTION.


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국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 자료는 최종결과물(결과보고서)의 원자료이다.

본 연구에서 신체의 무게중심에 관한 공식은 위 선행연구에거 제시한 공식을 이용하였다. 이에 보행 동작시 비만 형태에 따른 하지 근골격계의 운동여학적 요인을 산출하기 위해 분석방법으로 활용된 위의 선행연구가 본 연구의 원자료로 이용되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

PREFACEP. XIACKNOWLEDGMENTSP. XIIINOTATION AND CONVENTIONSP. XVEXTERNAL CONTACT FORCESP. 1FORCES AND COUPLESP. 3GENERALIZED CONTACT FORCE AND ITS RECTANGULAR COMPONENTSP. 3ORTHOGONAL COMPONENTS OF A FORCEP. 4ORTHOGONAL COMPONENTS OF A MOMENT OF FORCEP. 7MOMENT OF FORCE ABOUT A POINTP. 7MOMENT OF FORCE ABOUT AN AXISP. 13COUPLESP. 18TRANSFORMATION OF FORCES AND COUPLESP. 21REPLACEMENT OF A GIVEN FORCE BY A FORCE AND A COUPLEP. 22REPLACEMENT OF A GIVEN FORCE AND COUPLE BY ANOTHER FORCE AND COUPLE: INVARIANTS IN STATICSP. 24EQUIVALENT FORCE-COUPLE SYSTEMS: VARIGNON'S THEOREMP. 25WRENCHESP. 29WRENCHES AND HELICAL AXESP. 32INTERACTION WITH THE SUPPORTP. 37BASIC MECHANICS OF FORCE PLATFORMSP. 38WRENCH REPRESENTATION OF THE GROUND REACTION FORCEP. 43CENTER OF PRESSURE AND CONTACT PRESSUREP. 46GROSS MECHANICAL EFFECTS OF THE GROUND REACTION FORCE: INTERPLAY OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCESP. 48LINEAR ACCELERATIONP. 52ANGULAR ACCELERATIONP. 59IMPACT EFFECTS IN LANDINGP. 63FORCES IN GRASPINGP. 65TWO-POINT CONTACTSP. 70PLUCKER'S COORDINATESP. 71WRENCHES IN PLUCKER'S COORDINATESP. 72MULTIFINGER CONTACTS: GRIP MATRICESP. 75FRICTION FORCES AND AIR RESISTANCEP. 75FRICTION ANGLE AND FRICTION CONEP. 76FRICTION FORCES IN HUMAN MOVEMENTP. 81WALKING AND RUNNINGP. 81WINTER SPORTS: SKATING, SKIING, BOBSLEDDINGP. 86AIR RESISTANCEP. 88LOCAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONTACT FORCESP. 90COMPRESSION FORCESP. 90SHEAR FORCES AND SKIN FRICTIONP. 94SHEAR FORCES IN SITTINGP. 94SKIN RUBBINGP. 96FRICTION FORCES IN GRASPINGP. 99SUMMARYP. 102QUESTIONS FOR REVIEWP. 104BIBLIOGRAPHYP. 105STATICS OF MULTILINK SERIAL CHAINS: TRANSFORMATION ANALYSISP. 117TORQUE AND FORCE ACTUATORS AT REVOLUTE JOINTSP. 120JOINT TORQUES AT JOINTS SERVED BY ONE-JOINT MUSCLESP. 121JOINT TORQUES AT JOINTS SERVED BY TWO-JOINT MUSCLESP. 123TRANSFORMATION ANALYSISP. 126LINK ISOLATIONP. 127METHODP. 127EQUILIBRATING TORQUES IN A PLANAR TWO-LINK CHAINP. 133A GENERAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN END FORCE AND JOINT MOMENTS: THE JACOBIAN METHODP. 135RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN END FORCE AND JOINT TORQUE FOR PLANAR KINEMATIC CHAINSP. 137TWO-LINK CHAINP. 137THREE-LINK CHAINP. 139CONTROL OF EXTERNAL CONTACT FORCESP. 143TWO-LINK CHAINSP. 145THREE-LINK CHAINSP. 153FORCE ELLIPSOIDSP. 161CHAINS WITH HOLONOMIC CONSTRAINTSP. 167PREFERRED DIRECTIONS FOR THE EXERTION OF ENDPOINT FORCESP. 172EXERTION OF MAXIMAL FORCE: LIMITING JOINTSP. 175ON THE DIRECT PROBLEM OF STATICS: MOTOR REDUNDANCY AND MOTOR OVERDETERMINACYP. 178DUALITY OF STATICS AND KINEMATICS: NULL SPACESP. 182SUMMARYP. 189QUESTIONS FOR REVIEWP. 191BIBLIOGRAPHYP. 193STATICS OF MULTILINK CHAINS: STABILITY OF EQUILIBRIUMP. 199STIFFNESS OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE OBJECTSP. 206APPARENT ENDPOINT STIFFNESSP. 210MATRICES OF ENDPOINT STIFFNESSP. 210VECTOR FIELD REPRESENTATIONP. 213THE STIFFNESS ELLIPSE AND THE PRINCIPAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENDPOINT STIFFNESS MATRIXP. 216POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF KINEMATIC CHAINSP. 219APPARENT JOINT STIFFNESSP. 222TRANSFORMATION ANALYSISP. 223APPARENT ENDPOINT STIFFNESS VERSUS JOINT STIFFNESSP. 223MUSCLE JACOBIAN: APPARENT JOINT STIFFNESS VERSUS MUSCLE STIFFNESSP. 225FACTORS INFLUENCING APPARENT ENDPOINT STIFFNESSP. 228APPARENT STIFFNESS OF THE HUMAN ARM DURING POSTURE MAINTENANCEP. 231WHY IS IT SO DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE JOINT STIFFNESS?P. 234MECHANICAL FACTORSP. 234PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORSP. 237STIFFNESS IN MOTOR CONTROL MODELSP. 237MECHANICAL MODELS AND MECHANICAL ANALOGIESP. 238THE EQUILIBRIUM-POINT HYPOTHESISP. 241CONTROL OF MUSCLE LENGTH AND FORCEP. 242CONTROL OF JOINT ANGLE AND TORQUEP. 244VIRTUAL TRAJECTORIES AND THEIR RECONSTRUCTIONP. 245RAMBLING-TREMBLING HYPOTHESISP. 247SUMMARYP. 251QUESTIONS FOR REVIEWP. 253BIBLIOGRAPHYP. 254INERTIAL PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN BODYP. 265BASIC MECHANICS THEORYP. 266CENTER OF MASSP. 267MOMENT OF INERTIA AND RADIUS OF GYRATIONP. 269PRODUCTS OF INERTIAP. 275MOMENTS OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO PARALLEL AND ROTATED AXESP. 276PARALLEL AXIS THEOREMP. 277MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT A ROTATED AXISP. 279TENSOR OF INERTIA AND PRINCIPAL MOMENTS OF INERTIAP. 280TENSORS OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO REMOTE AXESP. 286INERTIAL PROPERTIES OF THE ENTIRE HUMAN BODYP. 287TOTAL CENTER OF MASSP. 287MOMENTS OF INERTIAP. 287MOMENTS OF INERTIA IN A STANDING POSTUREP. 288MOMENTS OF INERTIA IN ARBITRARY POSTURESP. 291INERTIAL PROPERTIES OF BODY PARTSP. 294SEGMENTATIONP. 294PRINCIPAL MECHANICAL AXES VERSUS PRINCIPAL ANATOMIC AXESP. 298SOME REPRESENTATIVE DATAP. 301FACTORS INFLUENCING INERTIAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN BODY SEGMENTSP. 302BODY DENSITYP. 303TOTAL BODY MASSP. 308INERTIAL PROPERTIES OF THE TRUNKP. 313SUBJECT-SPECIFIC INERTIAL CHARACTERISTICSP. 316GEOMETRIC MODELINGP. 318GEOMETRIC SCALING: ISOMETRY AND ALLOMETRYP. 321REGRESSION EQUATIONSP. 323COMBINED METHODS (NONLINEAR REGRESSION EQUATIONS)P. 324CONTROL OF BODY INERTIA IN HUMAN MOVEMENTP. 327MOMENTS AND PRODUCTS OF INERTIAP. 328INERTIA MATRIX OF THE CHAINP. 328ENDPOINT INERTIAP. 332APPARENT MASS DURING IMPACTS AND STRIKINGP. 336SUMMARYP. 345QUESTIONS FOR REVIEWP. 347BIBLIOGRAPHYP. 349JOINT TORQUES AND FORCES: THE INVERSE PROBLEM OF DYNAMICSP. 365BASIC DYNAMIC EQUATIONSP. 368INVERSE DYNAMICS OF SIMPLE PLANAR CHAINSP. 371SINGLE-LINK MOTIONP. 371PLANAR TWO-LINK CHAINP. 374FORCES DURING MOTION OF A TWO-LINK CHAINP. 375DYNAMIC EQUATIONS IN THE CLOSED FORMP. 377DYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS AND INTERACTIVE EFFECTSP. 381THREE-LINK PLANAR CHAINSP. 385MOVEMENT IN THREE DIMENSIONSP. 388MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN THREE DIMENSIONSP. 389TIME DERIVATIVE OF A VECTOR WITH RESPECT TO A ROTATING FRAMEP. 390MOTION OF A RIGID BODY ABOUT THE CENTER OF MASSP. 391RECURSIVE NEWTON-EULER FORMULATIONP. 394THE NEWTON-EULER EQUATIONSP. 394THE RECURSIVE PROCEDUREP. 395EXTERNAL CONTACT FORCESP. 398LAGRANGIAN FORMULATIONP. 402KINETIC ENERGY OF INDIVIDUAL LINKSP. 405KINETIC ENERGY OF THE ENTIRE BODYP. 406DERIVING THE LAGRANGIAN EQUATIONSP. 407LAGRANGIAN EQUATIONS FOR A TWO-LINK PLANAR CHAINP. 408JOINT TORQUES AND JOINT FORCES IN HUMAN MOTIONP. 410INTERPRETING JOINT TORQUESP. 410JOINT TORQUES AND JOINT MOTIONP. 410PASSIVE MECHANICAL RESISTANCE AT JOINTSP. 415SCALING JOINT TORQUES WITH MOVEMENT SPEEDP. 415INTERPRETING JOINT FORCESP. 415ORIGIN OF JOINT FORCESP. 417JOINT FORCES AND BONE-ON-BONE FORCESP. 421EFFECTS OF JOINT FORCES: WHIPLIKE MOVEMENTP. 424INTERACTIVE TORQUES AND FORCESP. 425PARTITIONING THE JOINT TORQUESP. 428CONTRIBUTION OF INTERACTIVE TORQUES AND FORCESP. 430SUMMARYP. 433QUESTIONS FOR REVIEWP. 435BIBLIOGRAPHYP. 436MECHANICAL WORK AND ENERGY IN HUMAN MOVEMENTP. 455THE CONCEPT OF WORKP. 461WORK OF A FORCEP. 462WORKLESS FORCESP. 462INVARIANCE OF WORKP. 464THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE SYSTEMSP. 465ENERGY EXCHANGE DURING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WORK OF A FORCEP. 466WORK DONE ON A BODYP. 469WORK AT A JOINT AND WORK ON A BODY SEGMENTP. 472FROM MUSCLE POWER TO JOINT POWERP. 472THE WORK AT A JOINTP. 474JOINT POWER AND JOINT WORKP. 474ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN ADJACENT SEGMENTSP. 477ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN NONADJACENT SEGMENTSP. 481WORK OF A JOINT FORCEP. 483POWER AND WORK ON A BODY SEGMENTP. 487COMPUTATION OF POWER AND WORKP. 487CONSERVATION OF ENERGY IN ONE-LINK MOTION: PENDULUM-LIKE MOTIONP. 492NEGATIVE CHANGE IN THE BODY'S MECHANICAL ENERGY VERSUS THE NEGATIVE WORK OF JOINT TORQUESP. 496ENERGY, WORK, AND POWER IN MULTILINK KINEMATIC CHAINSP. 499WORK DONE ON THE SYSTEM: ENERGY BALANCE EQUATIONSP. 500WORK AND POWER OF SOURCES OF MECHANICAL ENERGYP. 504INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLESP. 504MECHANICAL ENERGY EXPENDITUREP. 507ENERGY COMPENSATIONP. 508INTERCOMPENSATION OF SOURCESP. 509COMPENSATION DURING TIME (RECUPERATION)P. 510MAIN MODELSP. 513ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF JOINT TORQUES (SOURCE APPROACH)P. 513ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF MOVE BODY LINKS (FRACTION APPROACH)P. 516THE COM MODELP. 518ENERGY OF THE COMP. 522WORK OF THE EFFECTIVE FORCEP. 527RATE OF ENERGY OF THE COM AND RATE OF TOTAL ENERGY OF THE BODYP. 530A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE MODELSP. 533MINIMIZING THE ENERGY EXPENDITURE FOR MOTIONP. 535ENERGY EXPENDED FOR MOTIONP. 536WORKLIKE MEASURES AND MOVEMENT ECONOMYP. 536WORK OF MUSCLE FORCESP. 538ENERGY-SAVING MECHANISMSP. 540DOES THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MINIMIZE THE ENERGY EXPENDITURE FOR MOTION?P. 542SUMMARYP. 542QUESTIONS FOR REVIEWP. 546BIBLIOGRAPHYP. 547INERTIAL PROPERTIES OF CADAVERSP. 575INERTIAL PROPERTIES MEASURED IN LIVING SUBJECTSP. 583GEOMETRIC MODELING OF HUMAN BODY SEGMENTSP. 613GLOSSARYP. 617INDEXP. 641ABOUT THE AUTHORP. 653TABLE OF CONTENTS PROVIDED BY SYNDETICS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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