고려시대 국자감의 입학기준과 그 의미 = Admission Criteria of Gukjagam in Goryeo Dynasty and Its Significance

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

During Goryeo Dynasty, Gukjagam was the leading educational institute, which was established in the beginning of the dynasty. Admission to and studying at Gukjagam was an important preparatory course to take gwageo examination later. The educational system or haksik(學式) introduced in Shikmokdogam during the reign of King Injong summarizes the school system and management of Gukjagam. Specifically, the admission criteria and the list of disqualifications show the intention of establishing Gukjagam and how it was managed.
Mostly, the admission criteria of Goryeo educational institutes replicated those of Tang Dynasty where seoin(庶人) or ordinary people were allowed to learn samunhak(四門學) in the department of Confucian study that also included gukjahak(國子學) and taehak(太學). However, in Goryeo, the department of Confucian study did not accept seoin, and they were only allowed in the department of practical studies such yulhak(律學) that were classified as a study of general knowledge or japhak(雜學).
Moreover, the list of disqualifications was explicitly stated, suggesting a very restrictive admission criteria of Gukjagam compared to educational institutes in Tang. For instance, people engaged in
base work-e.g. japro(雜路), mechanical work(gong, 工), commerce(sang, 商), entertainment(ak, 樂)-or descendents of cheonin, hyangin, bugokin could not attend Gukjagam as they were treated poorly due to either social standing or occupation. Those who got married among close relatives(大·小功親) or did not follow a right way of living or gado(家道) were also banned, and this exclusion of offsprings from an intermarriage reflects ethical code of Confucianism. Those who were sent home for committing akyeok(惡逆) or sajoe(私罪) were also banned from attending Gukjagam.
Meanwhile, a majority of those disqualified to attend Gukjagam for low social standing or occupation did have little chance of studying at Gukjagam at any rate. Nonetheless, criteria for disqualification were explicitly stated as a preemptive measure to rigorously screen unqualified students. Educational institutes in Goryeo did not accommodate admission criteria of Song Gukjagam which grew more flexible than during Tang Dynasty, and applied much more rigorous admission criteria even when they replicated Tang system. The list of disqualifications for admission to Gukjagam in Goryeo clearly shows the exclusion of certain social class or occupations at the time. Still, admission of seoin was partly allowed in the department of practical studies at Gukjagam, while Gukhak in Shilla Dynasty only admitted people of dupum or upper class, and this relative ‘openness’ compared to the earlier periods is noteworthy.

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