국민건강·안전을 목적으로 하는 수출규제의 WTO 합치성 : EU의 역외국에 대한 개인의료용품 수출허가 조치를 중심으로

국문 초록 (Abstract)

높은 전염성으로 인하여 세계공중보건에 위협을 가하고 있는 코로나 19(COVID-19)에 대한 대응책 중 하나로 EU는 EU 역내 의료용품의 원활한 공급을 위해 잠정적 조치인 수출허가에 대한 시행규칙 2020/402를 발표하였다. 당해 시행규칙은 지정된 개인의료용품 품목수출 시 EU 역내 국가에 한해 허가를 면제하며, 제3국에 대해서는 허가 등의 규제적 행정절차를 요구하였다. 이후 시행규칙 2020/426을 통한 개정으로 EU 회원국 및 EFTA 회원 4개국, 그 외 EU 회원국들과 특별한 관계를 유지하는 해외영역 지정 국가들을 예외적으로 특정하여 수출허가 요건을 면제하였다. 해당 시행규칙은 수출 및 수입 품목에 대한 수량제한 조치를 금지하고 있는 GATT 제11조 위반이 문제되나, 이는 제11조 제2항 (a)에서 불가결한 상품의 중대한 부족을 방지하기 위한 일시적 제한 조치로서 예외가 인정될 여지가 있다. 그러나 해당 조치가 일률적인 제한이 아니며, 허가 면제국가가 아닌 역외 제3국에 대한 차별적 제한 규정임에 따라 수량제한의 무차별금지 제13조 위반에 해당한다. 또한, 이러한 위반조치는 일반적 예외 사유인 제20조 (b)의 공중보건조치 예외 범위에 포함될 수는 있으나, 제3국에 대한 차별적 조치가 자의적이고 정당화될 수 없는 차별에 해당하여 제 20조 일반 예외 요건을 충족시키지 못한다. 따라서, 범유행성전염질병 확산을 막기 위한 국가 혹은 관세동맹의 수출규제는 국민 생명을 보호하는데 필요한 조치임에도 불구하고 같은 상황에 처한 다른 국가에 대해 일률적이지 아니하며 “자의적 또는 정당화할 수 없는” 차별적 조치일 경우 WTO 법에 합치된다고 보기 어렵다. 한편, 동 조치에 대해 EU가 EFTA 회원국 및 다른 국가들과 체결한 FTA 협정을 허용하는 지역무역협정의 예외에 관한 GATT 제24조를 적용할 경우, 해당 수출규제가 협정체결 이후 추가적으로 제3국에 적용되는 차별적 규제로 판단되기 때문에 정당화될 수 없을 것이다. WTO 체제에서 정당화되기 어려운 이러한 차별적 조치가 빈번해질 경우 WTO 체제의 균열은 가속화될 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In response to the highly contagious COVID-19 that has posed a grave threat to public health, the EU announced Implementing Regulation 2020/402 which is a temporary measure requiring export authorization to ensure a constant supply of personal protective equipment(PPE) within the EU. The regulation indicates that only EU member states are exempted from the authorization requirement when listed PPE are exported to the other states, whereas non-EU members must follow restrictive administrative procedures such as a valid export authorization. By revising the regulation through Implementing Regulation 2020/426, it expands the exemption to include the four EFTA members and listed overseas countries and territories which have a special relation with the EU members on the exemption list.
First of all, the regulation is likely inconsistent with the GATT Article XI which prohibits quantitative import and export restrictions, but it is also likely justified as a temporary measure applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of essential products under the Article XI:2 (a). However, the regulatory measure is not similarly restricted to all third states, and it is also discriminatorily imposed upon the non-exempted states. It would constitute violation of the Article XIII, non‐discriminatory application of quantitative restrictions. Also, the violatory measure can be likely justified under Article XX(b), which provides an explicit exception to protect human health. Nevertheless, as the discriminatory measure constitutes a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination, it cannot meet the criteria of the Article XX, general exceptions. Therefore, the restrictive export control by the individual state or Customs Union implemented to prevent the transmission of pandemic disease is not compatible with the WTO law, when it is considered as a mean of uneven and "arbitrary or unjustifiable" discrimination against the other states. Lastly, on the analysis of whether the measure can be justified under the GATT Article 24 which establishes the exception, it should be scrutinized based on the EU"s regional trade agreements with EFTA members and other states. However, as the measure is considered as a more limited discriminatory restriction after the formation of RTA, it cannot be justified. If the discriminatory and inconsistent measures under the WTO become more prevalent worldwide, it would deepen the fissures of the WTO system.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. EU의 개인의료용품 수출규제 조치
• Ⅲ. EU의 개인의료용품 수출규제 조치의 WTO 합치성 검토
• Ⅳ. 결론 및 제언
• 참고문헌
• 국문초록
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

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21 "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/568 of 23 April 2020 making the exportation of certain products subject to the production of an export authorization, OJ L 129, 2020"

22 "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/426 of 19 March 2020 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/402 making the exportation of certain products subject to the production of an export authorisation, OJ L 84 I"

23 "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/402 of 14 March 2020 making the exportation of certain products subject to the production of an export authorisation, OJ L 77 I"

24 World Trade Organization, "COVID-19: Measures affecting trade in goods"

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