의무적 양형제도에 관한 고찰

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Many Western nations including US, UK, Canada and Australia have passed mandatory sentencing laws that removes and greatly curtails judicial discretion in sentencing. Although the concept of mandatory sentencing is not
familiar to Korean scholars, Korea also has passed several laws which diminish judicial discretion in sentencing. Mandatory sentencing schemes have been established in response to a demand for strict and certain measures to control crimes. By providing for certain incarceration with no potential for early release, mandatory is an effective means to control crimes.
However, a mandatory minimum sentence may not actually result in firm and consistent sentencing as intended, and may have incidental implications. Mandatory sentencing is generally inconsistent with the fundamental principle that a sentence must be proportionate to the seriousness of the offense and the degree of blameworthiness of the offender. Lengthier incarceration due to mandatory sentencing results in increased prison costs not necessarily offset by any reduction in crime rates. There is also an opportunity cost, because fewer public funds are available for law enforcement and crime prevention initiatives. Furthermore, mandatory sentencing appears to have arisen as a means by which politicians can attract electoral support by showing that they are tough on crimes.
A sentence must be proportionate to the crimes. Curtailing judicial discretion cannot be an effective measure to control crimes. Early intervention and crime prevention initiatives should be emphasized as an effective means to control crimes. Western countries’ mandatory sentencing schemes are outmoded, and it cannot be a model for legislation in Korea.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 오영근, "형사특별법의 제정 실태와 개선방안" 60-, 1996

2 배종대, "형사정책(제7전정판)" 홍문사 375-, 2008

3 김성천, "형법총론(제3판)" 동현출판사 678-, 2005

4 배종대, "형법총론 (제8전정판)" 홍문사 831-, 2007

5 박상기, "형법총론 (제7판)" 박영사 518-, 2007

6 이재상, "형법총론 (제5판)" 박영사 566-, 2008

7 정성근, "형법총론 (제4판)" 삼지원 676-, 2008

8 이형국, "형법총론 (제4판)" 법문사 405-, 2007

9 신동운, "형법총론 (제3판)" 법문사 764-, 2008

10 권오걸, "형법총론 (제2판)" 형설출판사 710-, 2007

11 손동권, "형법총론 (제2개정판)" 율곡출판사 668-, 2006

12 김일수, "형법총론 (제11판)" 박영사 749-, 2006

13 임웅, "형법총론" 법문사(개정판 보정) 608-, 2007

14 오영근, "형법총론" 박영사 780-, 2005

15 박상기, "형법상 法益類型과 法定刑에 관한 小考" 한국형사법학회 19 (19): 799-810, 2007

16 한인섭, "형벌과 사회통제 : 근대감옥의 성립과 변모 그리고 현대 교정" 박영사 365-, 2006

17 허일태, "헌법에 비추어 본 형사실체법의 문제점과 개선방안" 한국형사법학회 (25) : 1-26, 2006

18 이영란, "한국양형론" 나남출판 231-, 1996

19 이기헌, "폭력행위등처벌에관한법률의 정비방안" 한국형사정책학회 17 (17): 55-79, 2005

20 서병훈, "포퓰리즘" 책세상 27-, 2008

21 오영근, "특정범죄가중처벌등에관한법률 폐지의 당위성" 한국형사정책학회 17 (17): 33-53, 2005

22 한영수, "특가법상 비재산범죄 가중처벌 규정의 문제점과 개선방안" 한국형사법학회 (26) : 169-198, 2006

23 이용식, "위험사회에서의 법익보호와 적극적 일반예방" 13 (13): 45-, 2001

24 오영근, "양형의 합리화 방안에 관한 연구" 한국형사정책연구원 102-, 1993

25 "양형심리와 양형인자에 대해서는 새로운 형사재판의 이해"

26 이호중, "성폭력 처벌규정에 대한 비판적 성찰 및 재구성" 한국형사정책학회 17 (17): 81-114, 2005

27 김학태, "상징형법의 의미와 기능" 6 : 23-24, 1999

28 최석윤, "상징형법에 대한 비판적 고찰" 한국비교형사법학회 5 (5): 6-164, 2003

29 배종대, "보안처분과 비례성의 원칙, In 법치국가와 형법" 세창출판사 45-, 1998

30 최병문, "미국의 양형제도" 2 (2): 173-,

31 송문호, "미국의 부정기형에 관한 연구" 한국형사정책학회 16 (16): 245-264, 2004

32 배종대, "‘특별’형법을 ‘보통’형법으로 만들기" 한국형사정책학회 18 (18): 9-20, 2006

33 Franklin E, "Zimmering․Gordon Hawkins․Sam Kamin, Punishment and Democracy: Three strikes and you’re out in California" Oxford University Press 2001

34 "U.S. Sentencing Commission Urges Reduction in Crack Sentences"

35 Michael Vitiello, "Three Strikes: Can We Return to Rationality?" 87 : 395-, 1997

36 David Shichor, "Three Strikes as a Public Policy: The Convergence of the New Penology and the McDonaldization of Punishment" 43 : 471-, 1997

37 Cas Mudde, "The Populist Zeitgeist" 39 : 542-, 2004

38 Tim Newburn, "Symbolic Politics and Penal Populism: The Long Shadow of Willie Horton" 1 : 72-, 2005

39 Ilene M, "Shinbene, Three-Strikes and You’re Out: A Good Political Slogan to Reduce Crime, But A Failure in Its Application" 22 : 189-, 1996

40 Julian V. Roberts, "Richard Price, 3-Strikes Law Out With Some in California"

41 Julian V. Roberts, "Public Opinion and Mandatory Sentencing: A Review of International Findings" 30 : 484-, 2003

42 John Pratt, "Penal Populism in New Zealand" 7 : 303-, 2005

43 Julian V. Roberts, "Mike Hough, Penal Populism and Public Opinion : Lessons From Five Countries" Oxford University Press 2003

44 Henry R. Glick, "Mandatory Sentencing: The Politics of the New Criminal Justice" 43 : 4-,

45 Colin Loftin, "Mandatory Sentencing and Firearms Violence" 17 (17): 287-, 1980

46 Gary T. Lowenthal, "Mandatory Sentencing Laws: Undermining the Effectiveness of Determinate Sentencing Reform" 81 : 68-, 1993

47 Michael Tonry, "Mandatory Penalties" 16 : 247-, 1992

48 Robert S. Mueller, "Mandatory Minimum Sentencing, Federal Sentencing Report" 230-, 1992

49 Elizabeth Sheehy, "Mandatory Minimum Sentences: Law and Policy" 39 : 262-, 2001

50 Julian V. Roverts, "Mandatory Minimum Sentences of Imprisonment: Exploring the consequences for the sentencing progress" 39 : 306-, 2001

51 Joan Petersilia, "Greenwood, Mandatory Prison Sentences: Their Projected Effects on Crime and Prison Population" 69 : 615-, 1978

52 Richard S. Frase, "Excessive Prison Sentences, Punishment Goals, and the Eighth Amendment: ‘Proportionality’ Relative to What?" 89 : 572-, 2005

53 Linda S. Beres, "Do Three Strikes Laws Make Sense? Habitual Offenders Statutes and Criminal Incapacitation" 89 : 103-, 1998

54 Hallye Jordan, "Conviction Out Of State Not A Strike" 3-, 1994

55 Judith Bessant, "Australia’s Mandatory Sentencing Laws, Ethnicity and Human Rights" 8 : 370-, 2001

56 Patrick A. Langan, "America’s Soaring Prison Population" 251 : 251-, 1991