The purpose of this study is to analyze the applicability of hydrogen fuel cells as an alternative technology to the power system to solve the problem of limiting air time, a key technical constraint that hinders the advancement and spread of commerci...
The purpose of this study is to analyze the applicability of hydrogen fuel cells as an alternative technology to the power system to solve the problem of limiting air time, a key technical constraint that hinders the advancement and spread of commercialization of the drone industry. Existing industrial drones mainly use lithium-ion (Li-polymer) as power sources, but it is difficult to secure long-term operability due to the limitation of energy density (Wh/kg) of battery technology, which is acting as a structural limitation factor limiting long-distance missions and expansion of the medium and large-sized aerial vehicle (UAV) market. Therefore, this study attempted to systematically derive the effect of characteristics such as power conversion efficiency of hydrogen-based fuel cells on drone flight performance by including polymer electrolytes (PEMFC, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell) and direct methanol (DMFC) in the comparative analysis range. In terms of research methodology, energy density comparison, system weight structure, and power supply characteristics by condition were indicated for lithium-based battery-based power systems, PEMFC, and DMFC systems. In addition, by analyzing the trade-off relationship change between air time when applying a fuel cell power system, the effect of power system selection on drone operation efficiency indicators was quantitatively examined. As a result of the analysis, the application of the fuel cell-based power system resulted in a significant increase in air time compared to the existing battery power source, and in particular, it was confirmed that DMFC can secure practicality even when the initial hydrogen charging infrastructure imperfections exist in terms of liquid fuel storage and supply ease. This suggests that a certain level of diffusion path can be formed regardless of hydrogen infrastructure maturity. Overall, by analyzing the applicability of hydrogen fuel cells from the perspective of energy density-based performance comparison and operational benefits rather than just technical materials, this study suggested that hydrogen-based drones can be a practical engineering alternative to solving structural bottlenecks in industrial areas that require long-term operation such as long-distance monitoring, logistics delivery, and defense/policy. The contribution of this study is to present evidence that hydrogen fuel cells can be defined as a technology to expand the usability of the drone industry, which provides a framework that can be used for future hydrogen-based drone design, fuel cell battery hybrid integration strategy, and analysis of changes in the UAV market structure.