이사야의 메시아 모티프로 `12예언서 한 권`으로 읽기

국문 초록 (Abstract)

구약성서에 나타난 메시아 사상은 유대교와 기독교 신앙의 핵심 개념으로
다양한 시대적 상황과 문학적, 신학적 맥락 속에서 점진적으로 형성되었다.
학계는 바벨론 포로기와 그 이후를 메시아 사상의 전환점으로 평가하며, 이
시기를 통해 메시아 개념은 단순한 역사적 현실의 반영을 넘어 종말론적 희
망을 담는 신학적 상징으로 변화하였다. 그러나 일부 학자들은 그 기원을 포
로기 이전 왕정 시대의 다윗 언약과 제왕시에서 찾으며, 메시아 개념이 이미
역사적 왕권과 언약의 연속성 속에서 형성되었다고 주장한다.
이사야서는 제1이사야(1-39장), 제2이사야(40-55장), 제3이사야(56-66장)
로 구분되어 각기 다른 역사적 상황 속에서 정치적 메시아상, 고난받는 종,
공동체적이고 우주론적 메시아상을 제시한다. 반면 12예언서는 호세아에서 말
라기에 이르는 예언서들의 집합체로서 죄와 심판, 회복이라는 구속사적 구조
를 공유하며, 미가와 스가랴, 학개 등은 메시아적 왕의 도래, 성전 재건, 여호
와의 날과 같은 종말론적 주제를 통해 메시아 모티프를 다층적으로 전개한다.
이사야서와 12예언서는 서로 다른 시대적 배경과 문학적 구조에도 불구하고
‘하나님의 기름 부음 받은 자’에 대한 기대를 중심으로 구원의 서사를 공유하
며, 종말론적 희망이라는 공통의 분모를 형성한다.
본 연구는 최근 성서학의 흐름을 반영하여 12예언서를 개별 문서가 아닌
하나의 문학적, 신학적 단위로 읽는 공시적 접근을 채택하였다. 이를 통해 이
사야서에 나타난 메시아 모티프가 12예언서 내에서 반복되고 확장되는 양상
을 추적하며, 두 예언서 그룹이 정경적 관점에서 하나의 종말론적 구원 서사
로 엮일 수 있음을 밝힌다. 특히 이사야서에 메시아 모티프가 되는 기름 부음
받은 자, 고난받는 종, 다윗 왕, 임마누엘 성령의 부어짐과 같은 내용을 12예
언서에서 어떻게 묘사가 되고 반복되는지 비교함으로써 정경적 통일성을 확
인하고, 12예언서 전체가 하나의 신학적 흐름 안에서 한 권의 책으로 읽을
- iv -
수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다.
이는 메시아 사상은 단순한 예언의 집합이나 역사적 산물이 아니라 구약
공동체의 신앙적 응답과 종말론적 희망을 담아내는 핵심 개념임을 드러낸다.
나아가 이는 신약의 예수 그리스도의 구속 사역과 연결되며, 고대 이스라엘의
정치적 희망을 넘어 인류 보편의 구속과 종말론적 희망을 담아내는 신학적
중심 개념으로 발전한다. 따라서 본 연구는 구약 예언서 해석에 있어 정경적
통합과 신학적 연속성을 모색하는 새로운 연구 방향을 제시하며, 오늘날에도
메시아 사상이 공동체적 희망과 구속의 상징으로 기능할 수 있음을 보여준다.
즉 이사야서의 메시아 모티프를 12예언서에 발견되는 메시아 모티프로 연결
함으로써, 두 예언서 그룹이 구약 정경 내에서 종말론적 희망이라는 공통의
분모를 형성하고 있음을 볼 수 있다. 이는 이사야서 메시아 모티프를 통해
12예언서를 문학적, 신학적 단위로 묶어 한 권의 책으로 읽을 수 있다는 가
능성을 제시하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 구약 신학의 정경적 해석 틀 속에
서 메시아 사상의 구조적 연속성과 신학적 일관성을 조명하며, 12예언서 연
구에 새로운 통찰을 제공한다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서론 ········································································································· 1
• 1. 문제 제기 ························································································· 1
• 2. 연구사 ······························································································ 4
• 3. 연구 방법 ······················································································ 13
• II. 이사야서의 메시아 모티프 ······························································· 18
• 1. 포로기 이전 ·············································································· 20
• 1) 시리아와 에브라임 전쟁(사 7:1-14) ·································· 20
• 2) 산헤립의 유다 침략(사 36:1-10) ······································· 22
• 3) 임마누엘과 평강의 왕(사 9:1-7; 11:1-6) ······················· 27
• 2. 바벨론 포로기 ·········································································· 35
• 1) 기름 부음 받은 자(사 44:21-45:8) ··································· 35
• 2) 고레스 왕(사 45:1) ······························································· 37
• 3) 고난받는 종(사 40-55) ······················································ 42
• - vi -
• 3. 바벨론 포로 이후기(사 65:1-7; 66:7-9) ······················ 46
• 1) 서론적 고찰 ············································································ 46
• 2) 심판 후 새 하늘과 새 땅의 창조(사 65:1-7; 65:17-19) 46
• 3) 시온의 출산과 이스라엘과 열방의 회복(사 66:7-9) ······· 50
• 4. 이사야에 나타난 메시아 모티프 ·········································· 52
• 1) 메시아로서의 다윗 왕(사 7:10-15; 9:1-7; 11:1-16;
• 14:28-32; 24:21-25; 32:1-8; 33:17-24; 37:35) ····· 52
• 2) 메시아로서의 종(사 42:1-4; 52:12-53:12) ···················· 57
• 3) 메시아로서의 야웨(기름 부음 받은 정복자로서의 메시아,
• 사 55:3-5; 61:1-3; 63:1-6; 65:17-19) ······················· 63
• III. 12예언서에 나타난 메시아 모티프 ················································ 74
• 1. 서론적 고찰 ··················································································· 74
• 2. 포로기 이전 ··················································································· 75
• 1) 호세아 ···················································································· 75
• 2) 아모스 ······················································································ 83
• 3) 미가 ·························································································· 88
• - vii -
• 3. 바벨론 포로기 ··············································································· 95
• 1) 오바댜 ······················································································ 95
• 2) 하박국 ···················································································· 100
• 3) 스바냐 ···················································································· 103
• 4. 바벨론 포로 이후기 ··································································· 108
• 1) 학개 ························································································ 108
• 2) 스가랴 ···················································································· 115
• 3) 말라기 ···················································································· 136
• IV. 이사야 메시아 모티프로 12예언서 한 권으로 읽기 ················· 142
• 1. 다윗 왕 ························································································ 143
• 1) 이사야와 12예언서의 다윗 왕 ··········································· 144
• 2) 직접적인 다윗 왕 ································································· 145
• 3) 신정 왕권 선언과 야웨-왕 모티프 ··································· 146
• 4) 소 결론 ·················································································· 146
• 2. 고난받는 종 ················································································ 147
• 1) 이사야서와 12예언서 고난받는 종의 통합적 고찰 ········· 147
• - viii -
• 2) 이사야서와 12예언서 고난받는 종(유사점과 차이점) ···· 150
• 3) 소 결론 ·················································································· 153
• 3. 메시아 ·························································································· 154
• 1) 이스라엘의 구원자 메시아(언약 공동체 회복과 재구성) ·· 155
• 2) 열방의 구원자 메시아 ························································· 157
• 3) 소 결론 ·················································································· 158
• V. 결론 ··································································································· 159
• 참고문헌 ·································································································· 162
• ABSTRACT···························································································· 172