국내 분포하는 암석에 따른 지하수의 수리지화학 및 자연방사성물질 특성 = Characteristics of hydrogeochemistry and natural occurring radioactive material in groundwater according to rock distribution in korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The objectives of this study are 1) to proposed the optimal analysis methods for NORM(natural occurring radioactive material) 2) to research hydrogeochemistry and NORM charateristics according to the distribution of rock(geology) 3) to reveal the distribution NORM by Province 4) to research the gross-α and 226Ra properties.
In this study, liquid scintillation method was proposed as the optimal analysis one for 222Rn and 226Ra, and gas proportional method for gross-α.
A total of 247 samples were collected from groundwater to investigate the hydrogeochemical and NORM properties according to the distribution of rock(geology) were collected from groundwater. In-situ analysis of groundwaters resulted in ranges of 5.9~8.5 for pH, 13.7~25.1℃ for temperature, 66~820 μS/cm for EC, 33~591 mV for Eh, and 0.15~9.44 mg/L for DO. Major cation and anion concentrations of groundwaters were in ranges of 4.2~279.3 mg/L for Ca, 0.1~100.1 mg/L for Mg, 0.9~227.6 mg/L for Na, 0.2~9.3 mg/L for K, ND~3.3 mg/L for F, 1.8~779.1 mg/L for Cl, 0.3~120.4 mg/L for SO4, 15.3~372.1 mg/L for HCO3, and ND~27.4 mg/L for NO3-N. 222Rn and 238U concentrations in natural radioactive substances were detected in ranges of 18~15,953 pCi/L and N.D~131.1 μg/L, respectively. For the groundwater samples exceeding USEPA MCL level (30 μg/L) for uranium concentration, their pH ranged from 6.8 to 8.0 and Eh showed a relatively low value(86~199 mV) compared to other areas. Most groundwaters belonged to Ca-(Na)-HCO3 type, and groundwaters in metamorphic rock regions exhibited the highest concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, Cl,
NO3-N, U, and those in plutonic rock regions showed the highest concentration of HCO3 and Rn. Uranium and fluoride from granite areas did not show any correlation. However, uranium and bicarbonate displayed a positive relation of some areas composed of plutonic rocks(R2=0.3896). Groundwaters containing high ranium concentrations (>30 ug/L) were detected mainly in the granitic rock regions, especially in Cretaceous granite, Jurassic biotite granite, Jurassic two mica granite, and Precambrian granitic gneiss region. High radon-bearing groundwaters (>4,000 pCi/L) were found in the regions with various rock types including Cretaceous
volcanic rock, Jurassic biotite granite, Jurassic two mica granite, Jurassic pegmatitic granite, and Cretaceous sedimentary rock region, and so forth.
Also, in order to reveal the characteristics of the NORM distribution in nine provinces, uranium and radon in 681 samples of groundwater were analyzed. Most uranium concentrations in each province were less than 10 μg/L, and Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, Jeju provinces did not have any groundwater samples exceeding the US EPA drinking water MCL (30μg/L) of uranium. The percentatge of radon values exceeding US EPA drinking water AMCL (alternative maximum contaminant level, 4,000 pCi/L) was 22.6% (154/681) and Gyeongnam and Jeju provinces had no groundwater samples exceeding the AMCL. Uranium and radon concentrations of groundwaters in Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Jeonbuk, Chungnam mainly composed of the Mesozoic granite and the Precambrian gneiss were relatively high, but their concentrations in Gyeongnam and Jeju widely comprised of the sedimentary rock and the volcanic rock were relatively low. A weak correlation between uranium and radon values was shown in Gangwon, Chungbuk, Gyeonggi provinces.
226Ra values of 19 groundwater samples having gross-α concentrations of more than 5 pCi/L ranged from ND to 1.18 pCi/L(ND: ≤ 0.1 pCi/L). Geologic settings of the 19 areas are composed of granitic rocks of Pre-Cambrian and Jurassic and Cretaceous, gneiss (schist) of Pre-Cambrian, and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous. No relationship was shown among 226Ra concentrations and in-situ water quality data, and uranium, radon, and gross-α concentrations.
To identify the characteristics of gross-α, groundwaters were sampled from 730 wells during 2007-2009. These samples were analysed using a gas-flow type GPC (Gas Proportional Counter) according to the USEPA method (900.0). A gross-alpha counting TDS (total dissolved solid) efficiency curve (Y = 0.0017X2 − 0.3122X + 19.165, X = TDS, Y=efficiency, R2=0.9734) using natural uranium standard were obtained to get gross α value of the samples. The gross alpha values ranged from MDA (minimum detectable activity) to 14.88 pCi/L and 429 samples showed values higher than MDA (< 0.9 pCi/L). Correlations of the uranium values with the total alpha values and the gross-alpha values indicate that uranium values have significant effects on gross-alpha values. Groundwater samples of study areas were classified into four regions according to the rock types; plutonic (granite) rock region (427 areas), metamorphic rock region (181 aeras), sedimentary rock region (70 areas), volcanic rock region (52 areas). Groundwater of Cretaceous granite presented the highest gross-alpha value. Gross alpha in groundwaters showed no relationship with uranium in terms of the geological ages, rocks and minerals.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• I. 서 론 ················································································································ 1
• II. 시험방법 ··············································································································· 5
• 1. 지하수의 시료채취 및 전처리 ······································································ 5
• 2. 현장 수질 및 주요 양·음이온 ······································································ 5
• 1) 현장수질 ········································································································· 5
• 2) 주요 양·음이온 ····························································································· 6
• 3. 지하수 중 자연방사성물질 분석 방법 ························································ 9
• 1) 우라늄 ············································································································· 9
• 2) 라돈 ·············································································································· 11
• 3) 전알파 ·········································································································· 15
• 4) 라듐-226 ····································································································· 18
• Ⅲ. 연구 결과 및 토의 ························································································· 21
• 1. 지하수 중 자연방사성물질에 대한 문헌 조사 ······································· 21
• 1) 국외 지하수 중 자연방사성물질의 관리방안 ······································ 21
• 2) 국외 지하수 중 자연방사성물질의 위해성 평가 ································ 22
• 3) 국내 암석에 대한 자연방사성물질 함량 조사 ···································· 26
• 4) 국외 지하수에 대한 자연방사성물질 조사 및 함량 현황 ················ 26
• 2. 암석(지질)에 따른 지하수의 수리지화학 및 자연방사성물질 특성 ······· 28
• 1) 조사지점 ······································································································ 28
• 2) 연구지점 지하수관정의 제원현황 ·························································· 30
• 3) 연구지점 지하수관정의 현장수질 ·························································· 32
• 4) 연구지점 지하수관정의 주요 양·음이온 분석 ····································· 38
• 5) 연구지점 지하수관정의 자연방사성물질 분석 ···································· 41
• 6) 암석(지질)에 의한 주요 양․음이온과 방사성물질 함량 ····················· 48
• 7) 현장수질과 자연방사성물질(우라늄, 라돈)과의 특성 ························ 51
• 8) 주요 양․음이온과 자연방사성물질과의 특성 ········································ 58
• 9) 연구지점 암석·지질의 분포에 따른 자연방사성물질 특성평가 ······· 62
• 3. 국내 지역에 따른 자연방사성물질(우라늄, 라돈) 분포 특성 ····················· 68
• 1) 조사지점 ······································································································ 68
• 2) 시료채취 및 분석 ······················································································ 69
• 3) 지역별 지하수의 자연방사성물질의 함량 및 분포 특성 ·················· 70
• 4) 지역(도)별 라돈(Rn-222)과 우라늄(U-238)의 상관관계 ············· 76
• 4. 지하수 중 라듐-226의 환경 특성 ································································ 80
• 1) 국외 라듐-226 시험방법 비교 ····························································· 80
• 2) 지질에 따른 음용지하수의 라듐-226 함량 ········································· 82
• 3) 라듐-226과 현장수질, 자연방사성물질과의 상관 관계 ··················· 84
• 5. 국내 지하수 중 전알파 특성 연구 ································································ 87
• 1) 시료채취, 전처리 및 분석 방법 ····························································· 87
• 2) 우라늄(U-238)과 전알파 함량과의 상관관계 ···································· 88
• 3) 지하수의 전알파 함량과 지질과의 특성 ·············································· 90
• Ⅳ. 결 론 ··········································································································· 95
• 참고문헌 ·················································································································· 99

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28. 편마암-물 상호반응에 의한 지하수의 지화학적 특성과 생성기원, 김천수, 김수진, 김통권, 정찬호, 지질공학, 10(1), 33-44, , 1997

29. 고함량 자연방사성 물질 우려지역에 대한 지하수 환경 특성 연구, 김영규, 윤정기, 김태승, 김문수, 엄익춘, 정도환, 한국지하수토양환경학회지, 15(6), 9-16, , 2010

30. 부산 남부지역 지하 수와 서북부지역 지하수의 수리화학적 특성 비교, 이병대, 함세영, 성익환, 조명희, 심형수, 조병욱, 대한지하수환경학회지, 6(3), 140-151, , 1999

31. 화강암지역 지하수 수질의 특징과 불소원인에 관한 물-암석반응 연구, 김종태, 김남원, 정교철, 추창오, 정일문, 지질공학, 18(1), 103-115, , 2008

32. 극저준위 액체섬광계수기를 이용한 지 하수 중 라돈(222Rn) 측정법 등 연구, 이길용, 윤윤열, 김용제, 조수영, 지하수토양환경학회, 11(5), 59-66, , 2006

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34. 금강 권역 충적층 지하수의 질산염 오염: 질산성 질소의 기원과 거동 고찰 및 안전한 용수 공급을 위한 제언, 김형수, 채기탁, 이철우, 윤성택, 김경호, 김순오, 김강주, 최병영, 지질공학, 12(4), 471-484, , 2002