조선후기 울산지역 상급 향리직의 구성과 향리 가계의 변동 -‘향리’의 의미 변화 및 위상 변동과 관련하여- = Composition of Senior Local Clerks in the Ulsan area during the Latter half period of the Joseon dynasty, and changes in the Clerk houses -Changes in the meaning of ‘Local Clerks(“Hyang’ri”)’ and their status-

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the latter half period of the Joseon dynasty, from senior clerks like Ho’jang(戶長) or Gi’gwan(記官), to lower posts like Eui’saeng(醫生, medics) and Seo’weon(書員, scribes), were all called “Hyang’ri(鄕吏),” which essentially meant ‘local clerks.’ Their social class was designated as ‘Jung’in(中人),’ which meant ‘Middle figures.’Yet until the 17th century, the term “Hyang’ri(鄕吏)” only referred to posts of the former, and their social class was above that of a ‘middle figure,’ so they were even allowed to apply to the Grand national exam(“Dae’gwa, 大科”). Only in the 18th century the term “Hyang’ri” came to refer to all local or indigenous figures, from top to bottom, serving the regional governing offices. It was only then when their social status was officially designated as “Jung’in(中人).”The “Hyang’ri” circle of the Ulsan region went through a similar transformation, with some local characteristics. Until the 18th century the high-ranking posts were all assumed by members who belonged to the so-called “To’seong(土姓, Local Surnames)” houses that hailed back to the Goryeo dynasty period. They were the original “Hyang’ri” figures. But later, some of the renowned houses came to no longer provide figures to fill those high-ranking posts, and some of the commoners rose to the occasion and assumed the highest of those posts’ functions. And during the latter half of the 18th century, members whose social statuses were even lower than those of the commoners came to assume highest ranking posts in the “Hyang’ri” circle.

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