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    Hemifield-based analysis of pattern electroretinography in normal subjects and patients with pre-perimetric glaucoma = 정상인과 시야결손전녹내장 환자의 패턴 망막전위도 반장(Hemifield) 비교 분석

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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    Abstract

    Background: Glaucoma is a clinical diagnosis based on the demonstration of distinctive structural and functional changes related to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage, usually detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and standard automated perimetry (SAP). Early glaucoma without visual field defect on SAP is called pre-perimetric glaucoma (PPG), and there is no definite functional biomarker for PPG.
    Pattern electroretinogram (PERG) is an objective test, known to be an electrical potential derived from RGCs and neighboring inner retinal structures. Abnormal PERG findings could be observed before any structural abnormality in glaucoma patients.
    In this background, going beyond the previous studies, the authors investigated the hemifield (HF) PERG amplitude and its ratio in according to asymmetric characteristic of glaucoma to increase diagnostic value in clinical practice.

    Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed with 32 normal subjects and 33 PPG patients. All of the participants had undergone full ophthalmic examinations, including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), visual field (VF) examination by SAP and transient pattern electroretinography (trPERG).
    The full-field (FF), upper and lower hemifield (UF, LF HF) PERG parameters along with the HF values of SD-OCT and 24-2 SAP were compared between the control and PPG groups. The smaller/larger HF N95 amplitude ratio and thinner/thicker HF RNFL and GCIPL thickness ratio was calculated. Pairwise Pearson's correlation coefficients and linear regression models were fitted to investigate the correlations.

    Results: The FF PERG N95 and P50 amplitudes were significantly lower in the PPG group (P < 0.001, P = 0.013). The UF and LF N95 HF amplitudes were also significantly lower in the PPG group (P < 0.001, P = 0.009). The smaller/larger HF N95 amplitude ratio of the PPG group was smaller than that of the control group (0.73 ± 0.20 vs. 0.86 ± 0.12; P = 0.003) and showed positive correlations with affected HF average ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness (r = 0.377, P = 0.034) and with FF average GCIPL thickness (r = 0.341, P = 0.005). The smaller/larger HF N95 amplitude ratio did not significantly change with age (β = − 0.005, P = 0.195), whereas the FF N95 amplitude showed a negative correlation with age (β= − 0.081, P < 0.001).

    Conclusions: PERG amplitude parameters and ratios may offer useful information in terms of functional evaluation of PPG. The smaller/larger HF PERG ratio was age-independent and positively correlated with affected HF average GCIPL thickness. This ratio could solve some confounding issues that come up when evaluating PERG results in PPG. Hemifield-based analysis combining structural and functional testing, could be a more effective diagnostic strategy for early glaucoma.
    번역하기

    Abstract Background: Glaucoma is a clinical diagnosis based on the demonstration of distinctive structural and functional changes related to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage, usually detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and standard autom...

    Abstract

    Background: Glaucoma is a clinical diagnosis based on the demonstration of distinctive structural and functional changes related to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage, usually detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and standard automated perimetry (SAP). Early glaucoma without visual field defect on SAP is called pre-perimetric glaucoma (PPG), and there is no definite functional biomarker for PPG.
    Pattern electroretinogram (PERG) is an objective test, known to be an electrical potential derived from RGCs and neighboring inner retinal structures. Abnormal PERG findings could be observed before any structural abnormality in glaucoma patients.
    In this background, going beyond the previous studies, the authors investigated the hemifield (HF) PERG amplitude and its ratio in according to asymmetric characteristic of glaucoma to increase diagnostic value in clinical practice.

    Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed with 32 normal subjects and 33 PPG patients. All of the participants had undergone full ophthalmic examinations, including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), visual field (VF) examination by SAP and transient pattern electroretinography (trPERG).
    The full-field (FF), upper and lower hemifield (UF, LF HF) PERG parameters along with the HF values of SD-OCT and 24-2 SAP were compared between the control and PPG groups. The smaller/larger HF N95 amplitude ratio and thinner/thicker HF RNFL and GCIPL thickness ratio was calculated. Pairwise Pearson's correlation coefficients and linear regression models were fitted to investigate the correlations.

    Results: The FF PERG N95 and P50 amplitudes were significantly lower in the PPG group (P < 0.001, P = 0.013). The UF and LF N95 HF amplitudes were also significantly lower in the PPG group (P < 0.001, P = 0.009). The smaller/larger HF N95 amplitude ratio of the PPG group was smaller than that of the control group (0.73 ± 0.20 vs. 0.86 ± 0.12; P = 0.003) and showed positive correlations with affected HF average ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness (r = 0.377, P = 0.034) and with FF average GCIPL thickness (r = 0.341, P = 0.005). The smaller/larger HF N95 amplitude ratio did not significantly change with age (β = − 0.005, P = 0.195), whereas the FF N95 amplitude showed a negative correlation with age (β= − 0.081, P < 0.001).

    Conclusions: PERG amplitude parameters and ratios may offer useful information in terms of functional evaluation of PPG. The smaller/larger HF PERG ratio was age-independent and positively correlated with affected HF average GCIPL thickness. This ratio could solve some confounding issues that come up when evaluating PERG results in PPG. Hemifield-based analysis combining structural and functional testing, could be a more effective diagnostic strategy for early glaucoma.

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    국문 초록 (Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    배경 및 목적: 녹내장은 광간섭단층촬영(OCT)에 의한 망막신경절세포 (RGC) 손상과 관련된 특징적인 구조 변화와 표준자동시야측정
    (SAP)에 의한 기능 변화를 기반으로 한 임상진단이다. SAP에서 시야 결함이 없는 초기 녹내장을 시야결손전녹내장(Pre-perimetric
    glaucoma, PPG)이라고 하며, PPG 환자의 시기능 평가를 위한 확실한 지표가 없는 것으로 알려져 있다.
    패턴 망막전위도 (Pattern Electroretinogram, PERG)는 객관적인 검사로, RGC와 인접한 내부 망막 구조에서 유래한 전위이며, 녹내장 환자에서 구조적 이상이 나타나기 전에 PERG 이상 소견을 관찰할 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.
    이러한 배경에서 본 연구는 기존의 연구를 넘어서, 초기 녹내장의 상하 반장의 비대칭적 특성을 고려한 PERG N95 진폭과 그 비율을 조사하여, 임상에서 PERG의 진단적 가치를 높이고자 연구하였다.

    연구 방법: 32명의 정상 피험자와 33명의 PPG 환자를 대상으로 전향적단면 연구가 수행되었다. 모든 참가자들은 스펙트럼 영역 광간섭단층 촬영 (SD-OCT), SAP에 의한 시야 (VF) 검사 및 과도 패턴 망막 전위도 (trPERG)를 포함한 전체 안과 검사를 받았다.
    SD-OCT 및 24-2 SAP의 HF 값과 함께 전장 (FF), 상부 및 하부 HF (UF, LF HF) PERG 매개변수를 대조군과 PPG 그룹 간에 비교했다. 더 작은/큰 (smaller/larger) HF N95 진폭 비율과 더 얇은/두꺼운 (thinner/thicker) HF 망막신경섬유층 (RNFL) 및 황반
    신경절 세포-내부 망상 층 (GCIPL) 두께 비율이 계산되었다. Pairwise Pearson의 상관 계수와 선형 회귀 모델을 이용하여 상관 관계를 조사했다.

    결과: 전장 PERG N95 및 P50 진폭은 PPG 그룹 (P <0.001, P = 0.013)에서 유의하게 낮았다. UF 및 LF N95 반장 진폭도 PPG 그룹 (P <0.001, P = 0.009)에서 유의하게 낮았다. PPG 그룹의 더 작은/큰 HF N95 진폭 비율도 대조군 (0.73 ± 0.20 대 0.86 ± 0.12; P = 0.003)보다 작았으며, 병측 반장 평균 황반 신경절 세포-내부 망상 층 두께 (r = 0.377, P = 0.034) 및 전장 평균 황반 신경절 세포-내부 망상 층 두께 (r = 0.341, P = 0.005)와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 더 작은/큰 반장 N95 진폭 비율은 연령(β = - 0.005, P = 0.195)에 따라 크게 변하지 않은 반면, 전장 N95 진폭은 연령(β = - 0.081, P <0.001)과 음의 상관관계를 보였다.

    결론: PERG 진폭 매개변수 및 비율은 PPG의 기능 평가 측면에서 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 더 작은/큰 반장 PERG 비율은 연령에
    무관했으며, 병측 반장 평균 황반 신경절 세포-내부 망상 층 두께와 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 이 반장 비율은 PPG에서 PERG 결과를
    평가할 때 발생하는 몇 가지 교란 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 구조적 검사와 기능적 검사를 결합한 반장 기반 분석은 초기 녹내장에 대한
    효과적인 진단 전략이 될 수 있다.
    번역하기

    배경 및 목적: 녹내장은 광간섭단층촬영(OCT)에 의한 망막신경절세포 (RGC) 손상과 관련된 특징적인 구조 변화와 표준자동시야측정 (SAP)에 의한 기능 변화를 기반으로 한 임상진단이다. SAP에서...

    배경 및 목적: 녹내장은 광간섭단층촬영(OCT)에 의한 망막신경절세포 (RGC) 손상과 관련된 특징적인 구조 변화와 표준자동시야측정
    (SAP)에 의한 기능 변화를 기반으로 한 임상진단이다. SAP에서 시야 결함이 없는 초기 녹내장을 시야결손전녹내장(Pre-perimetric
    glaucoma, PPG)이라고 하며, PPG 환자의 시기능 평가를 위한 확실한 지표가 없는 것으로 알려져 있다.
    패턴 망막전위도 (Pattern Electroretinogram, PERG)는 객관적인 검사로, RGC와 인접한 내부 망막 구조에서 유래한 전위이며, 녹내장 환자에서 구조적 이상이 나타나기 전에 PERG 이상 소견을 관찰할 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.
    이러한 배경에서 본 연구는 기존의 연구를 넘어서, 초기 녹내장의 상하 반장의 비대칭적 특성을 고려한 PERG N95 진폭과 그 비율을 조사하여, 임상에서 PERG의 진단적 가치를 높이고자 연구하였다.

    연구 방법: 32명의 정상 피험자와 33명의 PPG 환자를 대상으로 전향적단면 연구가 수행되었다. 모든 참가자들은 스펙트럼 영역 광간섭단층 촬영 (SD-OCT), SAP에 의한 시야 (VF) 검사 및 과도 패턴 망막 전위도 (trPERG)를 포함한 전체 안과 검사를 받았다.
    SD-OCT 및 24-2 SAP의 HF 값과 함께 전장 (FF), 상부 및 하부 HF (UF, LF HF) PERG 매개변수를 대조군과 PPG 그룹 간에 비교했다. 더 작은/큰 (smaller/larger) HF N95 진폭 비율과 더 얇은/두꺼운 (thinner/thicker) HF 망막신경섬유층 (RNFL) 및 황반
    신경절 세포-내부 망상 층 (GCIPL) 두께 비율이 계산되었다. Pairwise Pearson의 상관 계수와 선형 회귀 모델을 이용하여 상관 관계를 조사했다.

    결과: 전장 PERG N95 및 P50 진폭은 PPG 그룹 (P <0.001, P = 0.013)에서 유의하게 낮았다. UF 및 LF N95 반장 진폭도 PPG 그룹 (P <0.001, P = 0.009)에서 유의하게 낮았다. PPG 그룹의 더 작은/큰 HF N95 진폭 비율도 대조군 (0.73 ± 0.20 대 0.86 ± 0.12; P = 0.003)보다 작았으며, 병측 반장 평균 황반 신경절 세포-내부 망상 층 두께 (r = 0.377, P = 0.034) 및 전장 평균 황반 신경절 세포-내부 망상 층 두께 (r = 0.341, P = 0.005)와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 더 작은/큰 반장 N95 진폭 비율은 연령(β = - 0.005, P = 0.195)에 따라 크게 변하지 않은 반면, 전장 N95 진폭은 연령(β = - 0.081, P <0.001)과 음의 상관관계를 보였다.

    결론: PERG 진폭 매개변수 및 비율은 PPG의 기능 평가 측면에서 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 더 작은/큰 반장 PERG 비율은 연령에
    무관했으며, 병측 반장 평균 황반 신경절 세포-내부 망상 층 두께와 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 이 반장 비율은 PPG에서 PERG 결과를
    평가할 때 발생하는 몇 가지 교란 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 구조적 검사와 기능적 검사를 결합한 반장 기반 분석은 초기 녹내장에 대한
    효과적인 진단 전략이 될 수 있다.

    더보기

    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • Table of Contents
    • Abstract i
    • Acronyms iv
    • Table of Contents …………………………………………………v
    • Table of Contents
    • Abstract i
    • Acronyms iv
    • Table of Contents …………………………………………………v
    • List of Figures ……………………………………………………viii
    • List of Tables ………………………………………………………iv
    • Chapter 1. Introduction ……………………………………………1
    • 1. Study Background ……………………………………………1
    • 2. Purpose of Research…………………………………………2
    • Chapter 2. Methods ………………………………………………4
    • 1. Database…………………………………………………………4
    • 1.1. Ethical Consideration …………………………………4
    • 1.2. Study Subjects …………………………………………4
    • 1.3 Ophthalmologic Examinations……………………………5
    • 2. Variables in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)…6
    • 2.1. Measurement of OCT ……………………………………6
    • 2.2. Assessment of OCT Parameters and HF Ratio…… 7
    • 3. Variables in Standard Automated Perimetry (SAP)……8
    • 3.1. Measurement of SAP ……………………………………8
    • 3.2. Assessment of SAP Parameters and HF Ratio………8
    • 3. Variables in Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG)……9
    • 4.1. Measurement of PERG …………………………………9
    • 4.2. Assessment of PERG Parameters and HF Ratio…10
    • 4. Statistical Analysis ………………………………………11
    • Chapter 3. Results ………………………………………………12
    • 1. Demographics and Baseline Characteristics………12
    • 2. Comparison of PERG Parameters between Control and Pre-perimetric Glaucoma (PPG) Group ……………15
    • 3. Comparison of Corrected HF Ratios of SD-OCT and PERG Parameters in the Control and PPG Group …17
    • 4. Correlation between SD-OCT, SAP and PERG Parameters in PPG group ………………………………19
    • 5. Discrimination for PPG from Control by PERG ……22
    • 6. Correlation with Age and PERG ……………………27
    • 7. Sub-analysis for PPG without glaucoma medication 32
    • 8. Representative cases ……………………………………38
    • Chapter 4. Discussion …………………………………………40
    • 1. Key Findings ………………………………………………40
    • 2. Strength of the Study ……………………………………42
    • 3. Advances in Previous Findings ……………………………42
    • 4. Electrophysiologic Tests in Glaucoma……………………43
    • 5. Transient PERG (trPERG) better than Steady-State PERG (ssPERG)………………………………………………45
    • 6. Advantages of HF Ratio for PERG Interpretation in PPG …………………………………………………………………… 49
    • 7. Correlation between Structure and Function by HF-based Analysis for PERG ………………………………… 53
    • 8. Comparison with Other Studies ………………………… 57
    • 9. Future of electrophysiology in Glaucoma ………………58
    • 10. Limitations…………………………………………………… 60
    • Chapter 5. Conclusion …………………………………………62
    • Bibliography………………………………………………………63
    • Abstract in Korean………………………………………………72
    • List of Figures
    • Figure 1. Correlation between PERG parameters and SD-OCT parameters ……………………………………………………………… 21
    • Figure 2. Areas Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) for Discriminating PPG from Normal Control 26
    • Figure 3. Scatterplot and linear regression model showing correlation between age and pattern electroretinogram (PERG) N95 amplitude…………………………………………………………… 28
    • Figure 4. Scatterplots showing correlation between age and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) hemifield parameters……………………………………………………30
    • Figure 5. Representative cases ………………………………………39
    • List of Tables
    • Table 1. Demographics and clinical characteristics of normal controls and PPG group ……………………………………………… 14
    • Table 2. PERG parameters in normal controls and PPG group 16
    • Table 3. Comparison of Hemifield (HF) ratios of SD-OCT and PERG parameters in normal controls and PPG group …………18
    • Table 4. Correlation between PERG parameters and SD-OCT/SAP parameters …………………………………………………20
    • Table 5. AUROCs for discrimination of PPG from normal controls...................................................................................24
    • Table 6. Participants’ characteristics in normal controls and PPG patients without glaucoma medication ………………………34
    • Table 7. PERG parameters in normal controls and PPG patients without glaucoma medication ……………………………………35
    • Table 8. Comparison of hemifield (HF) ratios of SD-OCT and PERG parameters in normal controls and PPG patients without glaucoma medication ……………………………………………………36
    • Table 9. Correlation between PERG parameters and SD-OCT/ SAP parameters in normal controls and PPG patients without glaucoma medication …………………………………………………37
    더보기

    참고문헌 (Reference)

    1. Glaucoma, Jonas, J. B. et al, 390(10108), 2183– 2193, , 2017

    2. Electrophysiology in Glaucoma, Senger C et al, 29(2): p147-153, , 2020

    3. Pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma, Ventura LM, Porciatti V., Curr Opin Ophthalmol17:196–202, , 2006

    4. Adaptation of the SS PERG in early glaucoma, Bosse B, Shif OA, Porciatti V, Parekh PK, Feuer WJ, Ventura LM, 23:494–500, , 2014

    5. Update in pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma, Bach M, Hoffman MB, 85:386–395, , 2008

    6. Update on the pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma, Hoffmann, M. B., Bach, M., 85, 386-395, , 2008

    7. Pattern electroretinogram detects localized glaucoma defects, Salgarello, T. et al, 7, 6-6, , 2018

    8. Imaging retinal ganglion cell death and dysfunction in glaucoma, Liu, W. W., Margeta, M. A, 59, 41-54, , 2019

    9. Retinal pathway origins of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), Luo, X., Frishman, L. J., 52, 8571-8584, , 2011

    10. Modeling Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction in Optic Neuropathies, Chou, T. H., Porciatti, V., Cells 10, , 1938

    1. Glaucoma, Jonas, J. B. et al, 390(10108), 2183– 2193, , 2017

    2. Electrophysiology in Glaucoma, Senger C et al, 29(2): p147-153, , 2020

    3. Pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma, Ventura LM, Porciatti V., Curr Opin Ophthalmol17:196–202, , 2006

    4. Adaptation of the SS PERG in early glaucoma, Bosse B, Shif OA, Porciatti V, Parekh PK, Feuer WJ, Ventura LM, 23:494–500, , 2014

    5. Update in pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma, Bach M, Hoffman MB, 85:386–395, , 2008

    6. Update on the pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma, Hoffmann, M. B., Bach, M., 85, 386-395, , 2008

    7. Pattern electroretinogram detects localized glaucoma defects, Salgarello, T. et al, 7, 6-6, , 2018

    8. Imaging retinal ganglion cell death and dysfunction in glaucoma, Liu, W. W., Margeta, M. A, 59, 41-54, , 2019

    9. Retinal pathway origins of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), Luo, X., Frishman, L. J., 52, 8571-8584, , 2011

    10. Modeling Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction in Optic Neuropathies, Chou, T. H., Porciatti, V., Cells 10, , 1938

    11. The pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma and ocular hypertension, O'Donaghue, E. et al, 76, 387-394, , 1992

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