This study aims to empirically analyze which factors contribute to the phenomenon of organizational silence in public organizations, wherein members recognize work-related problems but do not voice them. Organizational silence has been noted as a phen...
This study aims to empirically analyze which factors contribute to the phenomenon of organizational silence in public organizations, wherein members recognize work-related problems but do not voice them. Organizational silence has been noted as a phenomenon that not only diminishes the quality of organizational decision-making, but also hinders organizational learning and innovation, and weakens employees’ job attitudes and morale. In public organizations in particular, due to hierarchical structures, authoritarian organizational culture, and a work environment focused on strict norms and procedures, organizational silence is more likely to become structured and entrenched. The resulting risks of policy failure and erosion of administrative trust can be greater than in private organizations. Despite these concerns, domestic research on organizational silence has largely centered on private organizations or specific categories of public officials, and systematic empirical analysis of the factors influencing organizational silence among general civil servants has been relatively lacking.
Accordingly, this study examined general civil servants in public organizations and analyzed the factors related to organizational silence by dividing them into individual-level and organizational-level factors. It also investigated how these relationships vary by organizational type. Specifically, perceived job autonomy and public service motivation were considered as individual-level factors, while perceived leadership of the agency (transformational and transactional leadership) and organizational culture were set as organizational-level factors. Furthermore, in consideration of differences in organizational structure and work environment between central government agencies and local governments, separate analyses were conducted for each organizational type, thereby more precisely reflecting contextual differences within public organizations.
This study utilized data from the Public Service Life Survey conducted by the Korea Institute of Public Administration, focusing on general civil servants working in central government agencies as well as metropolitan and basic local governments. Organizational silence was set as the dependent variable, with the individual and organizational factors as independent variables, and a hierarchical regression analysis was performed. In the analytical process, personal characteristics such as gender, age, education, years of service, and rank were included as control variables to more rigorously examine the relationships among the variables.
The analysis results showed that among the individual-level factors, perceived job autonomy and public service motivation had statistically significant negative associations with organizational silence. Employees with higher perceived job autonomy tended to exhibit lower levels of organizational silence, suggesting that when members feel greater autonomy and control in their work, they are more likely to view speaking up as useful or worthwhile. Public service motivation likewise had a significant negative relationship with organizational silence. This finding indicates that employees with a strong intrinsic motivation for public interest and social responsibility tend to perceive problems within the organization as public issues rather than personal ones, and therefore are more inclined to voice their opinions instead of remaining silent.
Among the organizational-level factors, perceived transformational leadership consistently showed a significant negative association with organizational silence. In other words, the higher the perceived transformational leadership, the lower the level of organizational silence, implying that such leadership may foster an environment where psychological safety is enhanced and employees are encouraged to speak up. In the case of transactional leadership, different patterns emerged depending on the organizational type. In central government agencies, transactional leadership was not significantly related to organizational silence, whereas in local governments, higher perceived transactional leadership was associated with lower organizational silence. This suggests that in organizational contexts where standards of reward and accountability are relatively clear, employees’ sense of predictability and stability may encourage them to express their opinions. Meanwhile, the organizational culture variables—hierarchical culture and market culture—showed only limited direct statistical relationships with organizational silence. This implies that the formation of organizational silence is likely more closely related to psychological factors mediated by individual perceptions and leadership, rather than to organizational culture itself.
The theoretical significance of this study lies in its analysis of organizational silence as a complex phenomenon encompassing both individual and organizational dimensions, and in its empirical elucidation of related patterns within the distinctive context of public organizations. In particular, by focusing on perceived job autonomy and public service motivation, the study applies the explanatory perspectives of self-determination theory and social exchange theory to research on organizational silence in the public sector, thereby complementing existing literature. Additionally, by conducting separate analyses for central agencies versus local governments, the study captures the heterogeneity within public organizations and suggests that different management strategies may be required for different types of organizations.
From a practical standpoint, considering that organizational silence in public organizations is closely linked to employees’ autonomy perceptions, public service motivation, and leadership perceptions, the findings highlight the importance of fostering a work environment that respects employee autonomy and builds psychological safety. Moreover, the results point to the need for leadership development and improvements in internal communication structures, taking into account the characteristics of each organizational type.
However, this study has certain limitations. Because it relied on cross-sectional data and correlational analysis, there are inherent constraints in establishing direct causal relationships between variables. In addition, of the four types of organizational silence, this study examined only acquiescent and defensive silence—those based on self-interested motives—failing to fully capture differences across all silence types. Furthermore, given that the data (the Public Service Life Survey) are based on self-reported responses, it is difficult to completely eliminate the potential for subjective bias or social desirability bias. Future research should incorporate longitudinal data and qualitative approaches to analyze the formation and evolution of organizational silence in a more multifaceted way. It is also recommended that subsequent studies distinguish between different silence types to investigate their respective mechanisms.