In this study, tests were carried out to propose a way to reduce carbon emissionin the cement manufacturing process by manufacturing low-clinker cement, which was replaced partially by various supplementary cementitious matrials(SCMs). The performance...
In this study, tests were carried out to propose a way to reduce carbon emissionin the cement manufacturing process by manufacturing low-clinker cement, which was replaced partially by various supplementary cementitious matrials(SCMs). The performances of low clinker cement subjected to varous SCMs types and replacement ratio were studied. And, the performances and carbon emission reduction effect of the mortar incorporating low clinker cement were studied. For the experimental variables, the four different levels of Water to Cementratio(W/C) ranged from 45~55% of mortar were chosen. For SCMs, 4 levels of Lime stone Powder(LP), Cement Kiln Dust(CKD), Fly Ash(FA), and Blast furnace Slag powder (BS) were adopted. They were replaced by the clinker from 0~15%. Engineering properties of the low clinker cement and the mortar incorporating low clinker cement at fresh and hardened state were investigated under various W/C and SCMs combinations and then, carbon emission reduction effect were evaluated and compared. Test results indicated that the density decreased and the powder density of the low clinker cement in this study increased as the replacement rate of SCMs increased, regard less of the types of SCMs. It isbelieved that this is due to the characteristics of low density and high blaine fineness compared to ordinary Portland cement in LP, CKD, FA, and BS, which are clinker replacements.
The results of the chemical composition analysis of low-clinker cement satisfied the KS standard in the case of MgO and SO3 content regardless of the replacement of the clinker substitute. In the case of heat reduction, it was found that when LP and CKD were replaced, it increased significantly and was out of the range of quality regulations. It is judged that CaCO3 of LP and CKD was exposed to high temperatures and the mass was reduced by decarbonization reaction.
Due to the characteristics of non-hardened mortar using low-klinker cement, liquidity increased as the replacement rate of the clinker substitute increased in the case of Flow, and when FA was replacedby 5%, it increased by up to 120%. In the case of air volume, it increased when LP and CKD were substituted and decreased when FA and BS were substituted. In the case of condensation time, there was an overall delay in replacing the clinker substitute, which is believed to be the result of a decrease in the proportion of clinkers involved in initial hydration as the substitute substitution.
For the characteristics of hardened mortar, the overall compressive strength decreases when the ratio of SCMs in low clinker cement is increased. In particular, replacement of LP and CKD resulted in reduce the compressive strength by up to 57%, while the compressive strength of the mortar with FA an BS increases by up to 122%. In the case of flexural strength, it showed a similar tendency with compressive strength. In the case of mortar length change, the length change decreased with increas of SCMs, regardless of the type of SCMs,especiallywhenFA wasreplaced,itdecreased to up to 43%. In the case of the carbonation, it was found that carbonation was promoted when the SCMs were replace-d. When CKD was replaced, carbonation depth was up to 211% deep, and when FA was replaced, it was 113% and showed the thinnest neutralization depth among cases where clinker replacement was replaced.
TheCO2 emission evaluationo flow-clinker cement-based mortar showed a reduction in CO2 emission by about 28.4% when replacing LP and CKD based on OPC, about 28.6% when replacing FA, and about 27.4% when replacing BS. In addition, as a result of analyzing the CO2 emission ratio of mortar, it is thought that the amount of CO2 generated from clinker was dominant. Through this, it is believed that it will be effective to reduce CO2 emission and maintain the performance comparable to those of ordinary Portland cement if FA is replaced by the clinker as the substitution.
According to the cost analysis of low-clinker cement according to the type and replacement rate of SCMs in this study, the use of low clinker cement can reduce the materials cost. In particular, it was confirmed that the material cost can be reduced most when replacing FA, and the cost was saved to 70% compared to OPC.
In this study, in order to reduce carbon emission in cement manufacturing, low clinker cement is proposed under various types and replacement rate of SCMs. If fly ash (FA) and blast furnace slag fine powder (BS) are replaced by 5%, the performance of mortar and carbon emission effect can be improved compared to conventional Portland cement. Limestone fine powder (LP) and cement kiln dust (CKD), on the other hand, are expected to improve flowability and to reduce carbon emission as the replacement rate increases, but when they are replaced, they do not meet the quality standards of ordinary Portland cement stipulated by the current Korean industrial strandards. Therefore, if LP or CKD, which is effective in reducing carbon generation, is used as a substitute for mixed cement standards with low strength in the future, it is highly effective and will contribute to carbon neutral policy in the cement industry.