The Illness Experiences of Young Adult
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Survivors :
A Phenomenological Study
Seo, EunYoung
Department of Nursing
Kosin University Graduate School
Directed by Professor Kwon, Suhye, RN, Ph.D.
Abstract
Breast cancer is on...
The Illness Experiences of Young Adult
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Survivors :
A Phenomenological Study
Seo, EunYoung
Department of Nursing
Kosin University Graduate School
Directed by Professor Kwon, Suhye, RN, Ph.D.
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women and
has recently emerged as a significant health concern due to its increasing
incidence among young adult women. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous
disease with diverse clinical and pathological characteristics and is
classified into subtypes based on the expression of hormone receptors
and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), including
hormone receptor-positive, HER2-positive, and triple-negative breast
cancer (TNBC), in which all three receptors are absent.
TNBC accounts for approximately 10–20% of all breast cancer cases
and is characterized by a lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone
receptor,
and
HER2
expression.
Compared
with
hormone
receptor-positive breast cancer, TNBC is associated with more
aggressive tumor growth, limited treatment options due to the lack of
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targeted and hormonal therapies, and a higher risk of recurrence within a
few years after diagnosis. Consequently, TNBC is considered a highly
refractory subtype, with a relatively higher prevalence among women
under the age of 40.
Young adult women are typically engaged in major developmental tasks,
including education, career development, marriage, pregnancy, childbirth,
and parenting. Therefore, a diagnosis of TNBC during this life stage
imposes substantial physical, psychological, and socio-economic burdens
that interfere with developmental trajectories. However, existing research
has primarily focused on treatment outcomes and prognostic factors of
TNBC, while in-depth studies exploring the lived experiences and
meanings of survivorship among young adults remain limited.
Accordingly, a comprehensive understanding of illness experiences
within the developmental context of young adulthood is essential for
developing patient-centered nursing interventions and psychosocial
support programs. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of
young adult women with TNBC using Giorgi’s descriptive
phenomenological method.
Participants were eight female TNBC survivors aged 40 years or
younger, recruited through online community postings and snowball
sampling. Data were collected from June 2025 to April 2026 through one
to two in-depth face-to-face interviews per participant, supplemented
by follow-up telephone interviews. Interviews were conducted in private
and comfortable locations preferred by participants and lasted
approximately 60 to 80 minutes each. Data were analyzed using Giorgi’s
phenomenological method, involving the identification of meaning units and
the formulation of essential structural descriptions.
The findings revealed five core themes and sixteen subthemes
describing the lived experiences of young adult TNBC survivors. The
core themes were: “Confronting the crisis of youth through a cancer
diagnosis,” “The cumulative burden of an incurable breast cancer,”
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“A youth overshadowed by cancer treatment,” “The estranged self in
an unfamiliar world,” and “A journey of survival amid uncertainty.”
Participants experienced a profound disruption of life upon diagnosis
during young adulthood, endured the compounded burden of a refractory
disease and intensive treatment, and struggled with identity disturbance
and social disconnection. Despite these challenges, they continued their
survival journey while facing an uncertain future.
This study is significant in that it elucidates the essence and meaning
of
illness experiences among young adult TNBC survivors at the
intersection of developmental stage and disease characteristics using a
phenomenological approach. The findings may serve as foundational data
for developing integrated, life-course–based survivorship care systems,
including genetic counseling, fear of recurrence management, fertility and
life planning support, and post-treatment social reintegration programs
tailored to young adult cancer survivors.
Keywords: Triple-Negative Breast Neoplasms, Young Adult Women,
Cancer Survivors, Qualitative Research