Multifunctional nanoframe architectures for advanced sensing applications : design, synthesis, and characterization

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit unique properties, including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which is influenced by their size, shape, and composition. This distinction sets them apart from bulk materials. Various types of plasmonic NPs have been developed and characterized to tailor their properties for specific applications. Nanoframes, a group of NPs with large cavities accessible to light and chemicals, have gained significant attention. However, previous studies on single-rim-based NFs have faced limitations in near-field focusing capabilities due to their structural simplicity, necessitating the development of a conceptually new NF architect. This thesis contributes to the comprehensive understanding of multifunctional nanoframe architectures by combining the fields of plasmonics, nanomaterial synthesis, and surface chemistry. It showcases the potential of these nanoframes in various sensing modalities, demonstrating their capabilities in different sensing applications. In Chapter 2, a brief introduction is presented on a biosensing platform that utilizes a mixture of Au nanorods and magnetically responsive Pt@Ni nanorings. The platform utilizes a rotating magnetic field to induce dynamic assays, enabling the monitoring of surface biorecognition on Au nanorods through periodic changes in extinction. This approach provides an alternative to conventional biosensors based on peak shift of localized surface plasmon resonance. In chapter 3, I address the challenges in realizing complex three-dimensional (3D) nanoframe structures for effective optical-based sensing. A novel synthesis method for complex 3D nanoframes is presented, where two-dimensional (2D) dual-rim nanostructures are engraved on each facet of octahedral nanoframes. The synthesis proceeds through multiple executables on-demand steps, involving edge-selective Pt deposition, inner Au etching, and tunable geometric patterning. The resulting plasmonic dual-rim engraved nanoframes exhibit strong light entrapping capability verified by single-particle surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), highlighting their potential as nanoprobes for biosensing applications through SERS-based immunoassay. In Chapter 4, focuses on the synthesis of Au truncated octahedral dual-rim nanoframes with two functional facets. The nanoframes feature eight hot nanogaps formed by hexagonal nanoframes and six flat squares that facilitate well-ordered arrays through self-assembly. The existence of intra-nanogaps enables strong electromagnetic near-field focusing, allowing single-particle surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The construction of "all-hot-spot bulk SERS substrates" using these nanoframes demonstrates highly ordered and uniform superlattices with a significantly lower limit of detection for 2-naphthalenethiol, achieved through the synergistic effect of inter- and intraparticle coupling in the superlattice. In chapter 5, presents the design and synthesis of elongated pseudo-hollow nanoframes named "Au dodecahedral-walled nanoframes" for efficient detection of gaseous analytes. The nanoframes are composed of four rectangular plates enclosing the sides and two open-frame ends with ridges for near-field focusing. The hollow interior allows for the penetration of gaseous analytes, enabling their efficient detection in combination with Raman spectroscopy. The nanoframes exhibit high homogeneity in size and shape and demonstrate significantly enhanced SERS activity compared to other nanostructures. The application of these nanoframes in detecting chemical agent simulants in the gas phase showcases their 20 times higher sensitivity compared to their solid counterpart. Overall, this thesis contributes to the advancement of multifunctional nanoframe architectures in various sensing applications, offering novel strategies for design, synthesis, and characterization in diverse sensing modalities and nanomaterial engineering.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit unique properties, including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which is influenced by their size, shape, and composition. This distinction sets them apart from bulk materials. Various types of plasmonic NPs have been developed and characterized to tailor their properties for specific applications. Nanoframes, a group of NPs with large cavities accessible to light and chemicals, have gained significant attention. However, previous studies on single-rim-based NFs have faced limitations in near-field focusing capabilities due to their structural simplicity, necessitating the development of a conceptually new NF architect. This thesis contributes to the comprehensive understanding of multifunctional nanoframe architectures by combining the fields of plasmonics, nanomaterial synthesis, and surface chemistry. It showcases the potential of these nanoframes in various sensing modalities, demonstrating their capabilities in different sensing applications. In Chapter 2, a brief introduction is presented on a biosensing platform that utilizes a mixture of Au nanorods and magnetically responsive Pt@Ni nanorings. The platform utilizes a rotating magnetic field to induce dynamic assays, enabling the monitoring of surface biorecognition on Au nanorods through periodic changes in extinction. This approach provides an alternative to conventional biosensors based on peak shift of localized surface plasmon resonance. In chapter 3, I address the challenges in realizing complex three-dimensional (3D) nanoframe structures for effective optical-based sensing. A novel synthesis method for complex 3D nanoframes is presented, where two-dimensional (2D) dual-rim nanostructures are engraved on each facet of octahedral nanoframes. The synthesis proceeds through multiple executables on-demand steps, involving edge-selective Pt deposition, inner Au etching, and tunable geometric patterning. The resulting plasmonic dual-rim engraved nanoframes exhibit strong light entrapping capability verified by single-particle surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), highlighting their potential as nanoprobes for biosensing applications through SERS-based immunoassay. In Chapter 4, focuses on the synthesis of Au truncated octahedral dual-rim nanoframes with two functional facets. The nanoframes feature eight hot nanogaps formed by hexagonal nanoframes and six flat squares that facilitate well-ordered arrays through self-assembly. The existence of intra-nanogaps enables strong electromagnetic near-field focusing, allowing single-particle surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The construction of "all-hot-spot bulk SERS substrates" using these nanoframes demonstrates highly ordered and uniform superlattices with a significantly lower limit of detection for 2-naphthalenethiol, achieved through the synergistic effect of inter- and intraparticle coupling in the superlattice. In chapter 5, presents the design and synthesis of elongated pseudo-hollow nanoframes named "Au dodecahedral-walled nanoframes" for efficient detection of gaseous analytes. The nanoframes are composed of four rectangular plates enclosing the sides and two open-frame ends with ridges for near-field focusing. The hollow interior allows for the penetration of gaseous analytes, enabling their efficient detection in combination with Raman spectroscopy. The nanoframes exhibit high homogeneity in size and shape and demonstrate significantly enhanced SERS activity compared to other nanostructures. The application of these nanoframes in detecting chemical agent simulants in the gas phase showcases their 20 times higher sensitivity compared to their solid counterpart. Overall, this thesis contributes to the advancement of multifunctional nanoframe architectures in various sensing applications, offering novel strategies for design, synthesis, and characterization in diverse sensing modalities and nanomaterial engineering.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• List of Figures ..............................................................................................................................................I
• Abstract .....................................................................................................................................................XI
• Chapter 1.
• Introduction: Characteristics and Synthetic Techniques of Plasmonic Nanoparticles ........................1
• 1-1. Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) ................................................................................1
• 1-2. Optical Properties and Hot-Spot Generation in Plasmonic Nanostructures .................................3
• 1-3. Synthesis and Growth Control of Nanoparticles with Controlled Crystallinity.............................4
• 1-4. Synthesis Of the Complex Nanostructure Through Multi-Stepwise Synthesis Method................7
• Chapter 2.
• Synergistic Sensing: Exploring Magnetic-Nanoring-Plasmonic-Nanorod Binary Mixtures in Scattering Fourier Transform Biosensors ……………………………………………………………….9
• 2-1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................10
• 2-2. Results and discussion .......................................................................................................................12
• 2-3. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................28
• 2-4. Experimental section .........................................................................................................................28
• Chapter 3.
• Dual-Rim Engraved Hot Nanoframes for Near-Field Focusing ...........................................................32
• 3-1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................33
• 3-2. Results and discussion .......................................................................................................................34
• 3-3. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................56
• 3-4. Experimental section .........................................................................................................................57
• Chapter 4.
• Tailored Plasmonic Nanoparticles Enable Attomolar Detection of Adsorbates on All-Hot-Spot Bulk Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrates.....................................................................62
• 4-1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................63
• 4-2. Results and discussion .......................................................................................................................64
• 4-3. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................90
• 4-4. Experimental section .........................................................................................................................90
• Chapter 5.
• Plasmonic Dodecahedral-Walled Elongated Nanoframes for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy………………………………………………………………………………….………......95
• 5-1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................96
• 5-2. Results and discussion ........................................................................................................................98
• 5-3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................118
• 5-4. Experimental section .......................................................................................................................119
• Chapter 6.
• Overall Conclusion and Future Scope ....................................................................................................121
• References ................................................................................................................................................122

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. Bioenabled nanophotonics, Chen, Y., Ginger, D. S., Munechika, K., 33, 536−542, , 2008

2. Clathrate colloidal crystals, Lin H, 355, 931-935, , 2017

3. Catalytic Nanoframes and Beyond, Kwon T, Lee K., Jun M, 32 (33), , 2020

4. Recent progress in SERS biosensing, Bantz, K. C., Lindquist, N. C., Haynes, C. L., Meyer, A. F., Im, H., Lee, S. H., Kurtulus, O., Wittenberg, N. J., Oh, S. H., 13, 11551-11567, , 2011

5. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Van Duyne, R. P., Shah, N. C., Stiles, P. L., Dieringer, J. A., 1, 601-26, , 2008

6. Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors, Anker JN, Van Duyne RP, Shah NC, Zhao J, Lyandres O, Hall WP, 7 (6), 442-453, , 2008

7. Two-dimensional nanoframes with dual rims, Park, D., Choi, S., Park, S., Kim, J., Yoo, S., 10 (1), 5789, , 2019

8. Metal Nanostructures with Hollow Interiors, Sun, Y., Mayers, B., Xia, Y., 15 (78), 641-646, , 2003

9. Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors, Hafner, J. H., Mayer, K. M., 111, 3828- 3857, , 2011

10. Gold nanorods and their plasmonic properties, Shao, L., Li, Q., Wang, J. F., Chen, H. J., 42, 2679-2724, , 2013

11. Plasmonic nanorod metamaterials for biosensing, Atkinson, R., Podolskiy, V. A., Wurtz, G. A., Pollard, R., Hendren, W., Pastkovsky, S., Kabashin, A. V., Evans, P., Zayats, A. V., 8 (11), 867-71, , 2009

12. Silver Double Nanorings with Circular Hot Zone, Yoo S,, 142, 12341-12348, , 2020

13. Single-crystalline octahedral Au-Ag nanoframes, Rong H, Hong X, Li Y., Wang D, Cai S, 134 (44), 18165-8, , 2012

14. Fabrication of 2D Au nanorings with Pt framework, Jang HJ,, 136, 17674-17680, , 2014

15. Magnetic− plasmonic core− shell nanoparticles, Kelly, A. T., Morosan, E., Levin, C. S., Ali, T. A., Nordlander, P., Whitmire, K. H., Hofmann, C., Halas, N., 3, 1379−1388, , 2009

16. Exploitation of localized surface plasmon resonance, Hutter, E., Fendler, J. H., 16, 1685−1706, , 2004

17. Dispersion and shape engineered plasmonic nanosensors, Oswald, P., Lee, T. C., Jeong, H. H., Mark, A. G., Fischer, P., Kim, I., Alarcon-Correa, M., 7, 11331, , 2016

18. Quasi-Epitaxial Growth of Ni Nanoshells on Au Nanorods, Rodriguez-Gonzalez, B., Perez-Juste, J., Liz-Marzan, L. M., Grzelczak, M., 19, 2262−2266, , 2007

19. Gold nanocages: synthesis, properties, and applications, Skrabalak SE,, 41, 1587-1595, , 2008

20. Gold nanocages: synthesis, properties, and applications, Lu, X., Sun, Y., Au, L., Xia, Y., Cobley, C. M., Chen, J., Skrabalak, S. E., 41, 1587-1595, , 2008

21. Noble-Metal Nanoframes and Their Catalytic Applications, Qin, D., Yang, T. H., Wang, P., Shi, S., Ahn, J., Gao, R. Q., 121 (2), 796-833, , 2021

22. Present and Future of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering, Langer J,, 14, 28-117, , 2020

23. Gold Nanorods: The Most Versatile Plasmonic Nanoparticles, Shao, L., Ai, R. Q., Wang, J. F., Cheng, X. Z., Bai, X. P., Zhang, H., Zheng, J. P., 121, 13342-13453, , 2021

24. Gold Nanocages: From Synthesis to Theranostic Applications, Cobley, C. M., Chen, J., Zhang, Q., Yang, M., Xia, X., Brown, P. K., Xia, Y., Li, W., Cho, E. C., 44, 914-924, , 2011

25. Corner-, edge-, and facet-controlled growth of nanocrystals, Li Y, Lin H, Sun L, Samanta D, Zhou W, Mirkin CA, 7, , 2021

26. Octahedral and Cubic Gold Nanoframes with Platinum Framework, Shuford KL, Song Y, Ham S, Park S., Jang HJ, 54 (31), 9025-8, , 2015

27. Rational Design of Metal Nanoframes for Catalysis and Plasmonics, Chen, S., Sang, W., Liu, C. X., Fang, Z. C., Wang, C., Zeng, J, Wang, Y. C., 11, 2593-2605, , 2015

28. Synthesis and optical properties of silver nanobars and nanorice, Xia, Y. N., Wiley, B. J., Ginger, D., McLellan, J. M., Chen, Y. C., Xiong, Y. J., Li, Z. Y., 7, 1032−1036, , 2007

29. Self-orienting nanocubes for the assembly of plasmonic nanojunctions, Gao, B., Arya, G., Tao, A. R., 7 (7), 433-7, , 2012

30. Stepwise evolution of spherical seeds into 20-fold twinned icosahedra, Langille, M. R., Zhang, J., Personick, M. L., Mirkin, C. A., Li, S., 337 (6097), 954-7, , 2012

31. Magnetically responsive nanostructures with tunable optical properties, Yin, Y. D., Wang, M. S., 138, 6315− 6323, , 2016

32. Shape control of gold nanoparticles by silver underpotential deposition, Langille MR, Zhang J, Personick ML, Mirkin CA, 11, 3394-3398, , 2011

33. A hybridization model for the plasmon response of complex nanostructures, Nordlander P., Prodan E, Halas NJ, Radloff C, 302, 419-422, , 2003

34. LSPR biosensor signal enhancement using nanoparticle-antibody conjugates, Van Duyne, R. P., Ngatia, S. N., Hall, W. P., 115, 1410−1414, , 2011

35. Nesting of multiple polyhedral plasmonic nanoframes into a single entity, Hilal, H., Park, S., Choi, S., Yoo, S., Park, W., Lee, J., Jung, I., Lee, J. W., 13, , 2022

36. Colloidal Gold Nanorings and Their Plasmon Coupling with Gold Nanospheres, Zhuo X, Lai Y, Wang J., Lu W, Cui X, Chow TH, 15, e1902608, , 2019

37. Rationally designed nanostructures for surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy, Qin, L. D., Banholzer, M. J., Millstone, J. E., Mirkin, C. A., 37, 885-897, , 2008

38. Shape-and size-dependent refractive index sensitivity of gold nanoparticles, Chen, H. J., Wang, J. F., Ni, W. H., Yang, Z., Kou, X. S., 24, 5233−5237, , 2008

39. Ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection in common fluids, Stogin, B. B., Dai, X., Wong, T. S., Yang, S., 113 (2), 268-73, , 2016

40. Functional gold nanorods: synthesis, self assembly, and sensing applications, Zubarev, E. R., Khanal, B. P., Vigderman, L., 24, 4811−4841, , 2012

41. Label-free biosensing based on single gold nanostars as plasmonic transducers, Hrelescu, C., Stefani, F. D., Klar, T. A., Sau, T. K., Dondapati, S. K., Feldmann, 4, 6318−6322, , 2010

42. Nanogap-engineerable Raman-active nanodumbbells for single-molecule detection, Nam JM, Suh YD, Lim DK, Jeon KS, Kim HM, 9, 60-67, , 2010

43. Purification of high aspect ratio gold nanorods: complete removal of platelets, Zubarev, E. R., Khanal, B. P., 130, 12634−12635, , 2008

44. Templated techniques for the synthesis and assembly of plasmonic nanostructures, Osberg, K. D., Macfarlane, R. J., Mirkin, C. A., Jones, M. R., Langille, M. R., 111, 3736−3827, , 2011

45. Ultra-durable rotary micromotors assembled from nanoentities by electric fields, Guo, J., Fan, D. L., Lei, K. W., Kim, K., 7, 11363−11370, , 2015

46. Amino-acid- and peptide-directed synthesis of chiral plasmonic gold nanoparticles, Ahn, H. Y., Rho, J., Lee, Y. Y., Kim, M., Cho, N. H., Kim, W. S., Chang, K., Nam, K. T., Mun, J., Lee, H. E., 556 (7701), 360-365., , 2018

47. Surface effects on Pt-Ni single crystals calculated with the embedded-atom method, Schmid, M., Varga, P., Slama, C., Biedermann, A., Stadler, H., 55, 468−475, , 1992

48. Gold nanoframes: very high surface plasmon fields and excellent nearinfrared sensors, El-Sayed MA, Mahmoud MA, 132, 12704-12710, , 2010

49. Growth of gold bipyramids with improved yield and their curvature-directed oxidation, Chan, K., Stucky, G. D., Ni, W. H., Kou, X. S., Tsung, C. K., Lin, H. Q., Wang, J. F., 3, 2103-2113, , 2007

50. Observation of a quadrupole plasmon mode for a colloidal solution of gold nanoprisms, Shuford, K. L., Millstone, J. E., Schatz, G. C., Park, S., Mirkin, C. A., Qin, L., 127 (15), 5312-3, , 2005

51. Observation of a quadrupole plasmon mode for a colloidal solution of gold nanoprisms, Park, S., Millstone, J. E., Shuford, K. L., Mirkin, C. A, Qin, L. D., Schatz, G. C., 127, 5312−5313, , 2005

52. Decoupling Mechanisms of Platinum Deposition on Colloidal Gold Nanoparticle Substrates, Millstone, J. E., Straney, P. J., Andolina, C. M., Nuhfer, N. T., Marbella, L. E., 136, 7873-7876, , 2014

53. Fourier transform surface plasmon resonance of nanodisks embedded in magnetic nanorods, Ih, S., Hong, S., Park, S., Yoo, H., Jung, I., 18, 1984−1992, , 2018

54. SERS encoded silver pyramids for attomolar detection of multiplexed disease biomarkers, Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Ma, W., Kuang, H., Yan, W., Xu, C., Wu, X., Liu, L., Xu, L., 27 (10), 1706-11, , 2015

55. Surface chemistry-mediated near-infrared emission of small coinage metal nanoparticles, Hartmann, M. J., Millstone, J. E., Crawford, S. E., 52, 695−703, , 2019

56. Gyromagnetic imaging: dynamic optical contrast using gold nanostars with magnetic cores, Ong, Q. K., Oh, D. M., Ritchie, K., Wei, Q. S., Song, H. M., Leonov, A. P., Hale, J. A., Wei, A., 131, 9728− 9734, , 2009

57. Localized surface plasmon resonance: nanostructures, bioassays and biosensing--a review, Petryayeva, E., Krull, U. J., 706 (1), 8-24, , 2011

58. Fourier transform surface plasmon resonance (FTSPR) with gyromagnetic plasmonic nanorods, Jung, I., Park, S., Hong, S., Yoo, H., Jang, H. J., Cho, S., Lee, K., 57, 1841−1845, , 2018

59. Micro-cones Array-Based Plasmonic Metasurface for Sensitive and Enhanced Raman Detection, Cui, S. Y., Tian, J. G., Fu, Y. Q., Tian, C. X., Su, Y. R., 15, 2003-2009, , 2020

60. Plasmonic All-Frame-Faceted Octahedral Nanoframes with Eight Engraved Y-Shaped Hot Zones, Park, W., Park, W., Kim, J., Lee, J.-W., Jung, I., Park, S., Lee, J., Hilal, H., Haddadnezhad, M., 16, 9214-9221, , 2022

61. Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics, Skrabalak, S. E., Xiong, Y., Lim, B., Xia, Y., 48 (1), 60-103, , 2009

62. Surface-Enhanced Hyper Raman Spectra of Aromatic Thiols on Gold and Silver Nanoparticles, Kneipp, J., Heiner, Z., Madzharova, F., 124, 6233-6241, , 2020

63. Nanostructure-based plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for surface analysis of materials, J. Yi, B. Ren, S.-Y. Ding, R. Panneerselvam, D.-Y. Wu, Z.-Q. Tian, J.-F. Li, 1 , 16021, , 2016

64. Controlling the Synthesis and Assembly of Silver Nanostructures for Plasmonic Applications, Dong Qin, Jie Zeng, Younan Xia, Claire M. Cobley, Christine H. Moran, Weiyang Li, Qiang Zhang, Matthew Rycenga, 111, 3669, , 2011

65. Mismatch dislocations caused by preferential sputtering of a platinum-nickel alloy surface, Biedermann, A., Schmid, M., Varga, P., Stadler, H., Slama, C., 55, 468−475, , 1992

66. Direct observation of the nanoscale Kirkendall effect during galvanic replacement reactions, Chee SW, Tan SF, Bosman M, Baraissov Z, Mirsaidov U, 8, 1224, , 2017

67. Porous Au-Ag Nanospheres with High-Density and Highly Accessible Hotspots for SERS Analysis, Gao, C. B., Zheng, H. Q., Liu, K., Fan, Q. K., Bai, Y. C., Yin, Y. D., Yang, Z. B., Zhang, L., 16, 3675-3681, , 2016

68. Magnetic Core/Shell Fe3O4/Au and Fe3O4/Au/Ag Nanoparticles with Tunable Plasmonic Properties, Hou, Y. L., Xu, Z. C., Sun, S. H., 129, 8698, , 2007

69. Monitoring Galvanic Replacement Through Three-Dimensional Morphological and Chemical Mapping, Goris, B., Van Tendeloo, G., Polavarapu, L., Liz-Marzan, L. M., Bals, S., 14 (6), 3220-3226, , 2014

70. Noble-Metal Nanocrystals with Controlled Shapes for Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Applications, Lyu Z, Zhao M, Shi Y, Chen R, Nguyen QN, Xia Y., 121 (2), 649-735, , 2021

71. Rational design and synthesis of noble-metal nanoframes for catalytic and photonic applications, Wang, X., Ruditskiy, A., Xia, Y. N., 3 (4), 520-533, , 2016

72. Site-specific growth of a Pt shell on Au nanoplates: tailoring their surface plasmonic behavior, Jang, H. J., Shuford, K. L., Hong, S., Ham, S., Park, S., 6, 7339−7345, , 2014

73. Carving at the nanoscale: sequential galvanic exchange and Kirkendall growth at room temperature, Gonzalez E, Puntes VF, Arbiol J, 334 (6061), 1377-1380, , 2011

74. Gold nanostars: surfactantfree synthesis, 3D modelling, and two-photon photoluminescence imaging, Vo-Dinh, T., Wilson, C. M., Khoury, C. G., Hwang, H., Grant, G. A., Yuan, H., 23, 075102, , 2012

75. Magnetic manipulation and optical imaging of an active plasmonic single-particle Fe–Au nanorod, Sands, T. D., Zhang, Y., DaSilva, M., Zerulla, D., Lee, G. U, Ashall, B., Doyle, G., 27, 15292−15298, , 2011

76. Resonance surface plasmon spectroscopy: low molecular weight substrate binding to cytochrome P450, Zhang, X. Y., Van Duyne, R. P., Schatz, G. C., Zhao, J., Sligar, S. G., Das, A., 128, 11004−11005, , 2006

77. Gold Nanocups: Colloidal Gold Nanocups with Orientation-Dependent Plasmonic Properties (Adv. Mater., Cheng, S., Qin, F., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Tang, M., Jiang, R., Ling, X. Y., Guo, J., 30/2016 28 (30), 6266, , 2016

78. Realization of Red Plasmon Shifts up to similar to 900 nm by AgPd-Tipping Elongated Au Nanocrystals, Jiang, R. B., Chen, J. L., Zhu, X. Z., Yang, Z., Zhuo, X. L., Yip, H. K., Wang, J. F., Zhu, X. M., 139, 13837-13846., , 2017

79. Anisotropic etching of silver nanoparticles for plasmonic structures capable of single-particle SERS, Henzie, J., Mulvihill, M. J., Ling, X. Y., Yang, P., 132 (1), 268-74, , 2010

80. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from individual au nanoparticles and nanoparticle dimer substrates, Talley CE,, 5, 1569-1574, , 2005

81. Self-assembly of uniform polyhedral silver nanocrystals into densest packings and exotic superlattices, Geissler, P. L., Yang, P., Grunwald, M., Henzie, J., Widmer-Cooper, A., 11 (2), 131-7, , 2011

82. Kinetically Controlled Sequential Seeded Growth: A General Route to Crystals with Different Hierarchies, Chen, A. N., Smith, J. D., Skrabalak, S. E., Scanlan, M. M., Ashberry, H. M., 14 (11), 15953-15961, , 2020

83. The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment, Zhao, L. L., Schatz, G. C., Coronado, E., Kelly, K. L., 107, 668−677, , 2003

84. Gold nanorods: controlling their surface chemistry and complete detoxification by a two-step place exchange, Endes, C., Kinnear, C., RothenRutishauser, B., Petri-Fink, A, Dietsch, H., Clift, M. J. D., 52, 1934− 1938, , 2013

85. Investigating Reaction Intermediates during the Seedless Growth of Gold Nanostars Using Electron Tomography, Arenas-Esteban, D., Weiss, E. A., Odom, T. W., Jung, I., Choo, P., Bals, S., Chang, W. J., 16 (3), 4408-4414, , 2022

86. Tuning Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanostars for Enhancements of Nonlinear Optical Response and Raman Scattering, Liu XL,, 118, 9659-9664, , 2014

87. Transition Metal-Coated Nanoparticle Films: Vibrational Characterization with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering, Corredor, P., Yang, P. X., Weaver, M. J. J, Park, S., 124, 2428−2429, , 2002

88. Colloidal clusters of bimetallic core–shell nanoparticles for enhanced sensing of hydrogen in aqueous solution, Han, S. W., Wi, D. H., Wy, Y., Lee, S., 35, 1700380, , 2018

89. Multi-block magnetic nanorods for controlled drug release modulated by Fourier transform surface plasmon resonance, Kwak, M., Park, S., Kang, Y. G., Jung, I., Lee, D. K., 10, 18690−18695, , 2018

90. Nanostars shine bright for you Colloidal synthesis, properties and applications of branched metallic nanoparticles, Guerrero-Martinez, A., Pastoriza-Santos, I., Barbosa, S., Liz-Marzan, L. M., 16, 118-127, , 2011

91. Enormous Enhancement in Single-Particle Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with Size- Controllable Au Double Nanorings, Shin J,, 34, 2197-2205, , 2022

92. Arrays of highly complex noble metal nanostructures using nanoimprint lithography in combination with liquid-phase epitaxy, Neretina S., Hughes RA, Menumerov E, Golze SD, 10, 18186-18194, , 2018

93. Highly uniform and reproducible surface-enhanced Raman scattering from DNA-tailorable nanoparticles with 1-nm interior gap, J.-H. Hwang, S. Kwon, J.-M. Nam, Y. D. Suh, K.-S. Jeon, D.-K. Lim, H. Kim, 6, 452, , 2011

94. Highly uniform and reproducible surface-enhanced Raman scattering from DNA-tailorable nanoparticles with 1-nm interior gap, Lim DK,, 6, 452-460, , 2011

95. Highly uniform and reproducible surface-enhanced Raman scattering from DNA-tailorable nanoparticles with 1-nm interior gap, Lim, D. K., Kwon, S., Hwang, J. H., Suh, Y. D., Jeon, K. S., Kim, H., Nam, J. M., 6 (7), 452-460., , 2011

96. Gold and silver nanoparticles in sensing and imaging: sensitivity of plasmon response to size, shape, and metal composition, El-Sayed, M. A, Lee, K. S., 110, 19220− 19225, , 2006

97. Smart Magnetic Optical Antenna for Automatic Nanoalignment and Photon Beaming from Prepatterned Single Quantum Dot Nanospot, Li, Z. W., Yang, F., Yin, Y. D., 30, 1903467, , 2020

98. Synthesis and Single-Particle Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Study of Plasmonic Tripod Nanoframes with Y-Shaped Hot-Zones, Kim J,, 20, 4362-4369, , 2020

99. Magnetic modulation of surface plasmon resonance by tailoring magnetically responsive metallic block in multisegment nanorods, Jung, I., Park, S., Jang, H. J., Han, S., Acapulco, J. A. I., 27, 8433−8441, , 2015

100. Robust synthesis of gold cubic nanoframes through a combination of galvanic replacement, gold deposition, and silver dealloying, Xia Y, Wan D, Xia X, Wang Y, 9, 3111-3117, , 2013

101. Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Analysis through 3D Superlattice Arrays of Au Nanoframes with Attomolar Detection, Lee, J., Kim, D., Yoo, S., Choi, S., Park, S., Park, D., 92, 1972-1977, , 2020

102. Two-Dimensional Bipyramid Plasmonic Nanoparticle Liquid Crystalline Superstructure with Four Distinct Orientational Packing Orders, Cheng, W., Shi, Q., Sikdar, D., Premaratne, M., Si, K. J., Yap, L. W., 10 (1), 967-76, , 2016

103. Au-Ag@Au Hollow Nanostructure with Enhanced Chemical Stability and Improved Photothermal Transduction Efficiency for Cancer Treatment, Jiang T,, 7, 21985-21994, , 2015

104. Thiolated DNA-Based Chemistry and Control in the Structure and Optical Properties of Plasmonic Nanoparticles with Ultrasmall Interior Nanogap, D. K. Lim, J. M. Nam, G. H. Kim, Y. D. Suh, J. W. Oh, 136, 14052, , 2014

105. Using binary surfactant mixtures to simultaneously improve the dimensional tunability and monodispersity in the seeded growth of gold nanorods, Ye, X., Murray, C. B, Zheng, C., Gao, Y., Chen, J., 13, 765-771, , 2013

106. Three- Dimensional Gold Nanosphere Hexamers Linked with Metal Bridges: Near-Field Focusing for Single Particle Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, Son, J., Yoo, S., Kim, J., Park, S., Hilal, H., Haddadnezhad, M., Nam, J. M., Lee, S., Kim, J. M., 142 (36), 15412-15419., , 2020

107. Multiple Stepwise Synthetic Pathways toward Complex Plasmonic 2D and 3D Nanoframes for Generation of Electromagnetic Hot Zones in a Single Entity, Park, S., Kim, J., Jung, I., Park, W., Lee, S., 2023, 270-283, , 2023

108. Simulation of the Optical Absorption Spectra of Gold Nanorods as a Function of Their Aspect Ratio and the Effect of the Medium Dielectric Constant, El-Sayed, M. A., Link, S., 109, 10531− 10532, , 2005

109. Aggregation of gold nanoframes reduces, rather than enhances, SERS efficiency due to the trade-off of the inter- and intraparticle plasmonic fields, Mahmoud, M. A., El-Sayed, M. A., 9, 3025-3031, , 2009

110. Seed-mediated and iodide-assisted synthesis of gold nanocrystals with systematic shape evolution from rhombic dodecahedral to octahedral structures, Huang MH, Chung PJ, Lyu LM, 17, 9746-9752, , 2011

111. Optical Sensitivity Comparison of Multiblock Gold–Silver Nanorods Toward Biomolecule Detection: Quadrupole Surface Plasmonic Detection of Dopamine, Choi, J. H., Choi, Y., Park, S., Oh, B. K., Liu, L., 25, 919−926, , 2013

112. Photochemical strategies for the green synthesis of ultrathin Au nanosheets using photoinduced free radical generation and their catalytic properties, Chen, F. J., Wang, B. D., Liu, S., Li, T. R., He, S. S., Hai, J., 10, 18805−18811, , 2018

113. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for chemical and biological sensing using nanoplasmonics: The relevance of interparticle spacing and surface morphology, Zavašnik, J., Shvalya, V., Filipič, G., Cvelbar, U., Abdulhalim, I., 7, , 2020

114. Cyclodextrin-Based Synthesis and Host–Guest Chemistry of Plasmonic Nanogap Particles with Strong, Quantitative, and Highly Multiplexable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Signals, J. Kim, J.-M. Kim, J.-M. Nam, M. Ha, 11, 8358, , 2020