COVID-19 백신 보도의 정치화와 극화: 주요 언론의 사설 분석

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Politicization and polarization in the news coverage of science and technology risk issues have recently emerged as a major concern for scientific communication researchers. Politicized and polarized media coverage may turn science/technology-based risk issues into political controversies, leading public opinion divided along a partisan line. In this regard, this study explored how the news coverage of the current pandemic has been politicized and polarized by analyzing the editorials of the COVID-19 vaccines published by the four leading national newspapers(Kyunghyang, Dong-A, Chosun, and Hankyoreh) from January 2020 to June 2021. Specifically, politicization was analyzed as the proportion of strategic frames and that of politicians utilized as major sources. Polarization was examined in terms of how the direction and intensity of the coverage tone differed depending on the partisan affiliation of the target of the news. According to the results of the content analysis, first, the Chosun Ilbo overwhelmingly used the strategic frame, while the rest of the newspapers mainly used issue frames focusing on responsibility and possible alternatives related to vaccine issues. In particular, most of the strategic editorials in the Chosun Ilbo approached the issue of the COVID-19 vaccine as a inter-political debate, rather than as a scientific risk issue. Second, according to the analysis of the patterns of sourcing, the proportion of politicians was much higher than that of medical experts or other scientists in all four newspapers, which is a strong indicator of the politicization of the vaccine coverage. Third, the editorials tone(positive versus negative) was differentiated by the political orientation of the main target of the coverage. This was observed not only within a newspaper but also among newspapers. The implications of the study of were discussed in detail.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 주영기, "한국 언론의 신종플루 보도 연구: 진단과 예후 프레이밍을 중심으로" 한국언론학회 55 (55): 30-54, 2011

2 송현주, "정성 개념의 정교화와 정치 커뮤니이션 연구에서의 함의" 한국언론학회 11 (11): 176-212, 2015

3 양정혜, "위험사회의 의미 구성하기 －국내 언론의 신종플루 프레이밍 방식 분석" 한국정치커뮤니케이션학회 (17) : 169-212, 2010

4 김영욱, "위험, 위기 그리고 커뮤니케이션" 이화여자대학교 출판부 2008

5 심준섭, "원자력발전소 주변 지역주민의 갈등 프레임 분석: 후쿠시마 원전사고의 영향을 중심으로" 한국행정학회 45 (45): 173-202, 2011

6 정운갑, "원자력 이슈에 대한 언론의 정파성 분석: 조선일보와 한겨레의 비교" 분쟁해결연구센터 14 (14): 5-37, 2016

7 박주현, "언론의 이념성향에 따른 ‘코로나19’ 보도 프레임 비교 연구" 한국언론학회 64 (64): 40-85, 2020

8 Daniel Goldstein, "Who Do You Trust? The Consequences of Partisanship and Trust in Government for Public Responsiveness to COVID-19" Elsevier BV 2020

9 Nyhan B., "When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions" 32 (32): 303-310, 2010

10 Hart, P. S., "Threat Without Efficacy? Climate Change on U.S. News" 36 (36): 325-351, 2014

11 Gitlin, T., "The Whole World is Watching" University of California Press 1980

12 Dunlap, R. E., "The Political Divide on Climate Change: Partisan Polarization Widens in the US. Environment" 58 : 4-23, 2016

13 Rekker R., "The Nature and Origins of Political Polarization over Science" 30 (30): 352-368, 2021

14 Bolsen, T., "The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion" 36 (36): 235-262, 2014

15 Valkenburg, P. M., "The Effects of News Frames on Readers' Thoughts and Recall" 26 (26): 550-569, 1999

16 Cappella, J. N., "The Cognitive Bases for Framing Effects" Oxford University Press 1997

17 Iyengar, S., "Television News and Citizen’s Explanations of National Affairs" 81 : 815-831, 1987

18 진달용, "TV 뉴스의 과학기술위험 보도태도 분석 : 부안과 경주 방폐장 TV뉴스 분석을 중심으로" 사단법인 언론과 사회 20 (20): 5-45, 2012

19 Klemm, C., "Swine Flu and Hype: A Systematic Review of Media Dramatization of the H1N1 Influenza Pandemic" 19 (19): 1-20, 2016

20 Sears, D. O., "Selective Exposure to Information : A Critical Review" 31 (31): 194-213, 1967

21 Beck, U., "Risk Society : Towards a New Modernity" Sage 1992

22 Wilkins, L., "Risk Analysis and the Construction of News" 37 (37): 80-92, 1987

23 Pew Research Center, "Republicans Remain Far Less Likely than Democrats to View COVID-19 as a Major Threat to Public Health"

24 Iyengar, S., "Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use" 59 (59): 19-39, 2009

25 Prior, M., "Post-broadcast Democracy : How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Plitical Involvement and Polarizes Elections" Cambridge University Press 2007

26 Chinn, S., "Politicization and Polarization in Climate Change News Content, 1985-2017" 42 (42): 112-129, 2020

27 Hart, P. S., "Politicization and Polarization in COVID-19 News Coverage" 42 (42): 679-697, 2020

28 Slothuus, R., "Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Issue Framing Effects" 72 (72): 630-645, 2010

29 Marcus Painter, "Political Beliefs affect Compliance with COVID-19 Social Distancing Orders" Elsevier BV 2020

30 Feldman, L., "Polarizing news? Representations of Threa and ㅜEfficacy in Leading US Newspapers' Coverage of Climate Change" 26 (26): 481-497, 2015

31 Allcott, H., "Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic" NBER 2020

32 Gadarian, S. K., "Partisanship, Health Behavior, and Policy Attitudes in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic" 2020

33 Brüggemann, M., "Oxford Encyclopedia of Climate Change Communication" Oxford University Press 2017

34 Patterson, T., "Out of Order" Vintage Books 1993

35 Druckman J. N., "No Need to Watch: How the Effects of Partisan Media can Spread via Interpersonal Discussions" 62 (62): 99-112, 2018

36 Gamson, W. A., "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power" 95 : 1-37, 1989

37 Wimmer, R. D., "Mass Media Research: An Introduction" Wadsworth 1997

38 Tuchman, G., "Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality" Free 1978

39 Iyengar, S., "Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues" University of Chicago Press 1991

40 Dixon, G. N., "Heightening Uncertainty around Certain Science: Media Coverage, False Balance, and the Autism-Vaccine Controversy" 35 : 358-382, 2013

41 Ungar, S., "Global Bird Flu Communication: Hot Crisis and Media Reassurance" 29 (29): 472-497, 2008

42 Entman, R. M., "Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm" 43 (43): 51-58, 1993

43 Scheufele, A., "Framing as a Theory of Media Effects" 49 (49): 103-122, 1999

44 Semetko, H., "Framing European Politics : A Content Analysis of Press and Television News" 50 (50): 93-109, 2000

45 Entman, R. M., "Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power" 57 (57): 163-173, 2007

46 Pan, Z., "Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse" 10 (10): 5-75, 1993

47 Goffman, E., "Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience" Harvard University Press 1974

48 Green, J., "Elusive Consensus : Polarization in Elite Communication on the COVID-19 Pandemic" 6 (6): eabc2717-, 2020

49 Jamieson, K. H., "Echo Chamber : Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment" Oxford University Press 2008

50 Bolsen, T., "Counteracting the Politicization of Science" 65 : 745-769, 2015

51 Edelman, M., "Constructing the Political Spectacle" University of Chicago Press 1988

52 Boykoff., "Climate Change and Journalistic Norms: A Case-Study of US Mass-Media Coverage" 38 (38): 1190-1204, 2007

53 Koehler, D. J., "Can Journalistic “False Balance” Distort Public Perception of Consensus in Expert Opinion?" 22 : 24-38, 2016

54 World Health Organization, "COVID-19 Virtual Press Conference"

55 Bennett, J., "Bringing Science to Life: A Synthesis of the Research Evidence on the Effects of Context-Based and STS Approaches to Science Teaching" 91 : 347-370, 2007

56 Fallows, J., "Breaking the News: How American Media Undermine Democracy" 85 (85): 43-44, 1996

57 Sabina Mihelj, "Audience Engagement with COVID-19 News: The Impact of Lockdown and Live Coverage, and the Role of Polarization" Informa UK Limited 1-19, 2021

58 Gallup, "American’ Face Mask Usage Varies Greatly by Demographics"

59 Rahn, W. M., "Activation and Application of Political Party Stereotypes : The Role of Television" 13 (13): 195-212, 1996

60 Festinger, L., "A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance" Stanford University Press 1957