This study aimed to examine the detailed and in-depth reality of small local newspapers and journalists within the dominant structure of the giant central newspaper market represented by Chosun-Ilbo, JoongAng-Ilbo, and Dong-A-Ilbo. Through the voices ...
This study aimed to examine the detailed and in-depth reality of small local newspapers and journalists within the dominant structure of the giant central newspaper market represented by Chosun-Ilbo, JoongAng-Ilbo, and Dong-A-Ilbo. Through the voices of field journalists, the study explored the professional crisis faced by regional journalism and journalists. It sought to understand how journalists form their professional identities to survive in times of crisis and to identify and confirm the characteristics of different types based on their professional identities. The research methodology employed qualitative research through in-depth interviews, which fostered interactive and empathetic relationships with journalists to capture their everyday experiences, emotions, attitudes, and thoughts. The researcher, who is a media representative of Incheon Housing and City Development Corporation, selected interviewees in a balanced manner using the journalist pool from a relationship of over 3 years and 6 months, aiming to examine the actual professional identities of journalists from as objective a standpoint as possible and attempt categorization.
The theoretical background for the research involved studying the history and previous research on Incheon local newspapers to identify the issues and current situation. Furthermore, previous research and literature on journalists' professional identities and journalistic professionalism were reviewed, focusing on press freedom, social responsibility of the media, journalists' job satisfaction, and morale. Through the theoretical background and previous research, it was possible to identify the current situation where Incheon is a city with mixed information due to the presence of residents from various parts of the country, but local media and journalists are unable to fulfill their essential roles due to the difficulties faced by media companies and journalists being pushed into fatigue. Additionally, previous research indicating the professional instability of Korean journalists revealed the limitations of generalizing Incheon local newspaper journalists. Therefore, in-depth interviews and email questionnaires were conducted with 18 current and former journalists from 10 Incheon local newspapers to capture the detailed voices of journalists experiencing crises and uncertainties. The interview guide was developed based on a semi-structured format, consisting of three structured questions on press freedom, social responsibility of the media, and morale. It was supplemented with unstructured questions on nepotism, advertising, organizational culture, journalistic professionalism, code of ethics, economic rewards, education, and psychological fatigue. Following a semi-structured interview guide, a total of eight questions were used to examine the professional identities of Incheon local newspaper journalists, categorize them, and derive answers to the research questions.
Based on the question and answer data, the study analyzed the professional identity of journalists in relation to press freedom, social responsibility of the media, and journalists' morale. Through an attempt at categorization, the study identified five types of professional identities among Incheon local newspaper journalists who are still imbued with the spirit of journalism. These types include the ‘watchdog type’ who actively exercises journalistic oversight, the ‘network maintenance type’ who focuses on maintaining relationships within the local community for their journalistic activities, the ‘salesperson type’ who leverages excellent writing skills to increase advertising revenue and overcome crises, the ‘job seeker type’ who sees journalism as a stepping stone for future career moves, and the ‘livelihood maintenance type’ who solely concentrates on making a living through journalism. Additionally, in examining the distribution of these types, it was discovered that both the ‘job seeker type’ and the ‘watchdog type’ are not uncommon, indicating the need for swift improvement in working conditions to support the revitalization of Incheon local newspapers and the normalization of journalistic professionalism. While it may not provide a definitive guarantee, this finding suggests that immediate measures for a solid foundation are crucial.
Since this study was conducted based on qualitative research methodology, it was not possible to confirm the objective professional identities of Incheon local journalists as perceived by the entire Incheon media through quantitative methods. In future research, a quantitative research methodology can be applied to examine the differences in activity patterns of journalists based on years of experience, age, gender, membership/non-membership in the Journalists Association of Korea, Incheon-based journalists from central media organizations, internet media, advertising professionals, and other variables, thereby obtaining a more generalized understanding of the professional identities of Incheon local newspaper journalists. Additionally, studying the professional identities of media representatives from companies, organizations, local governments, and grassroots municipalities would help discover a more accurate image of Incheon media and contribute to the development of local journalism. Furthermore, although this study suggests the possibility of achieving media normalization based on improved economic conditions and environment leading to an uplift in the morale of Incheon local journalists, it is limited by the lack of discussion on systematic methods for improving economic conditions.