明淸時代 疫病과 정부의 대응-兩湖 지역을 중심으로 = The Epidemic and Government’s Response - focusing on Hubei and Hunan provinces in Ming-Qing period-

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The epidemic not only threaten people's health and lives, but also cause great economic and social losses. In addition, it intensifies social contradictions and paralyzes urban functions, posing a great threat to the operation of the state. To keep the society running smoothly and maintain power, the government must effectively control the epidemic. In addition, the state has an obligation to protect the health and life of the people, and a failure to do so could greatly damage the government’s trust. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the control methods for epidemic adopted respectively by central governments and local authorities of Hubei and Hunan Provinces during Ming-Qing period of outbreaks and disseminations.
Epidemics were sometimes regarded as god’s punishment on governments and central authorities and at other times believed to be caused by ghosts. Therefore. Governments held memorial services to the spirits. In particular, local authorities held ancestral rites to the City God (城隍神). City God (城隍神), a major deity in folk beliefs was under control of governments, and at the same time it contributed to reinforce the social orders and stabilize the local communities. However, local authorities had trouble controlling in mountainous areas due to its populace becoming more dependent on folk religions, such as witchcraft tradition（巫术）, which played an important role for the suffering people.
Assuming that the prevention and treatment of epidemics must have been important for Chinese governments, we found that a little attention had been paid to this matter during Ming-Qing period. Also, medical administration gradually weakened during this period due to an insufficient care resulting in a limited implementation of medical measures in capital and nearby areas by the central governments. This was to some extent compensated by local authorities who tried to control the epidemic by establishing medical offices, dispatching doctors, and providing medicine. The gentry also played an important role; particularly in times when governments were less effective in preventing the diseases, they were able to make up for it by contributing the provisions and burying the dead bodies. The local authorities also encouraged the charity work of gentry. However, these medical measures differed depending on the grain warehouse and economic situation in each region.
On the contrary, the Ming-Qing governments' policy about natural disasters and famines were quite successful. The Hubei and Hunan plains were geopolitically very important for Ming-Qing Dynasties, since they were major sources of food supply. The plain foothill areas frequently suffered from many epidemics during Ming-Qing Dynasties, which usually followed some natural disasters. In cases of natural disasters, therefore, these regions received quick aids from governments, which helped with the immediate control of epidemics that follow such disasters, even though the original aim was not on epidemics. However, when the diseases occurred in the mountainous areas, which lagged behind the plain areas economically, the areas were given less concern and aid from the central government, because of their relative lack of resources. Besides, considering that the areas were infested with thieves and rebels, the governments were putting more emphasis on seeking social stability by suppressing them than to take the necessary measures against the diseases.
Overall, despite some efforts by central governments and local authorities of Hubei and Hunan Provinces during Ming-Qing period, their records on the medical responses to epidemics were less than great, which might have caused a damage to their credibility, which need to be further studied.

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