Compiled by Xiao Ji during the Sui Dynasty, the "Wu Xing Da Yi" is a significant text that gathers existing literature on the Five Elements (Wu Xing) up to that time. This work explains the definitions and principles of the Five Elements, categorizing...
Compiled by Xiao Ji during the Sui Dynasty, the "Wu Xing Da Yi" is a significant text that gathers existing literature on the Five Elements (Wu Xing) up to that time. This work explains the definitions and principles of the Five Elements, categorizing a wide range of phenomena under Wu Xing, and establishes the foundational principles for the metaphysical framework that underpins Chinese cosmology and metaphysics, particularly in Mingli studies. However, the text does not mention the origins of the Five Elements.
In Chapter II, "The Origins and Primitive Meanings of Wu Xing," I first examine the origins of the Five Elements by dividing the discussion into the prehistoric era and the three dynasties: Xia, Shang, and Zhou. Based on the content of "Shangshu," the origin of Wu Xing is traced back to Shangdi (the Supreme Deity), with its primitive meaning rooted in five essential materials vital to the daily life of ancient people. Furthermore, the concept expanded to denote departments and officials in charge of these elements at the central governmental level. The fact that people in the Shang Dynasty prayed to Shangdi for a good harvest strongly indicates that these ideas were founded on agricultural practices. Given the context of the Shang Dynasty, it appears more plausible to link the origins of Wu Xing to agriculture (earth) and spatial recognition (five directions) rather than to astronomy (five planets) or time (five seasons). However, current literature does not allow a definitive conclusion that the origins of Wu Xing are rooted solely in the Shang Dynasty.
In Chapter III, "An Overview of Wu Xing Da Yi," I explore Xiao Ji's life and the background of his writings. Xiao Ji, a member of the Liang Dynasty's royal family, grew up in a well-off family known for its mastery of divination techniques. With his extensive knowledge of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements, he gained the trust of Emperor Wen and Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. It is believed that he composed "Wu Xing Da Yi" after political stability was achieved. The book, lost in China after the Tang Dynasty, was transmitted to Japan through emissaries to the Tang court and became a must-read for Japanese Yin-Yang practitioners. Scholars from the Qing Dynasty recognized the book's value and reintroduced it to China, where it was studied through various editions. The text comprises five volumes, twenty-four sections, and forty segments, symbolizing the Five Elements, the twenty-four solar terms, and the sum of the elemental numbers (forty). Despite strict bans by contemporary rulers, it cites numerous apocryphal texts, providing valuable insights into otherwise lost literature.
In Chapter IV, I focus on the primitive classifications of the Five Elements, specifically examining the Five Tastes, Five Colors, and Five Sounds as discussed in "Wu Xing Da Yi," alongside similar classifications in "Guanzi" from the Warring States period, "Lüshi Chunqiu" from the Qin Dynasty, and "Huainanzi," "Chunqiu Fanlu," and "Baihu Tongyi" from the Han Dynasty. While these texts largely align in their classification of the Five Elements, limiting the significance of observing chronological changes, comparing their reasons for classification enhances the validity and persuasiveness of the categorization.
In Chapter V, "The Mingli Characteristics of Wu Xing Da Yi," I detail Xiao Ji's systematic organization of the foundational concepts of inter-generation and inter-restriction (xiangsheng and xiangke), the theory of the Twelve Growth Phases (shier yunxing), and the Five Elemental States (wang, xiang, xiu, qiu, si), as well as the relationships of combination, punishment, harm, clash, and destruction (he, xing, hai, chong, po). While the concepts of inter-generation and inter-restriction provide basic explanations of internal relationships within the Five Elements, the Twelve Growth Phases and Five Elemental States offer individual interpretations of the strength and weaknesses of each element, constituting the process of applying Wu Xing. The relationships of combination, punishment, harm, clash, and destruction pertain to the practical application of Wu Xing.