미국에서의 共産圈 硏究에 使用되고 있는 諸接近法 考察 : 比較의 視角을 中心으로 = Approaches to the Study of Communist Systems in Comparative Perspective

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

I briefly survey the major approaches that have been utilized, describe their essential features, and suggest some of their principal strengths and weaknesses.
1) The Historical-cultural Approach; Advocates of the approach are particularly concerned with the ways in which the formation, operation and development of Communist regimes may be influences by traditional practices and experiences that preceded the Communist party's acquisition of power. One of the major advantages of this approach is that it recognizes the important admixture of tradition and modernity in every society. It thus avoids the tendency to limit one's study of a political system to a static profile of political events that occurred only after the Communist party came to power. The danger of this approach is to assume that little has changed, that communism is simply a contemporary manifestation of certain historical patterns and forces, and that it has had a relatively minor impact of its own on politics and society. It also tends to overemphasize the uniqueness of each Communist system.
2) The Totalitarian Approach; Professors Friedrich and Brzezinski, probably the most influential advocates of this approach, delineated a "Syndrome" of factors typically displayed by the totalitarian dictatorship. However, the concept of totalitaranism has been under attack for a variety of reasons.
① it can no longer serve as a useful analytical tool.
② Others object to the normative implications or "value-loaded" charter of the concept.
3) The Complex-Organizations, or Bureaucratic Approach: Bureaucratic organizations play a very significant role in Communist regimes. A major criticism that has been leveled against the complex-organizations approach is that it exaggerates the notion that all modern industrial societies are "converging", based on apparent similarities in their institutional structures, and minimizes the distinctive characteristics of bureaucracy in Communist states.
4) The Modernization, or Developmental Approach: Advocates of this approach suggest that communism has served essentially as a vehicle for the industrialization and modernization of underdeveloped societies. But this approach often ignores the fact that communist systems have not adopted a uniform strategy of modernization.
5) The Group Approach: According to this approach, the political process in Communist states comprises essentially a Contest or struggle between various groups, competing "vectors" of influence, or "tendencies of opinion," each pressuring for the realization of their separate interests and goals. The general difficulty of obtaining data regarding the actual policy-making process presents a major obstacle to the analysis of interest group behavior.