Guidelines for drinking-water quality . v.3

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅸ
• Acknowledgements = xi
• Acronyms and abbreviations used in the text = xii
• 1. Introduction = 1
• 1.1 Scope and purpose = 1
• 1.2 Community water supplies = 1
• 1.3 Health implications = 3
• 1.3.1 Water quality = 4
• 1.3.2 Water-washed diseases = 11
• 1.4 Objectives of surveillance and quality control = 11
• 1.5 Organizational structure = 12
• 1.5.1 The surveillance agency = 13
• 1.5.2 Quality control and the role of the water supplier = 13
• 1.6 Community participation = 14
• 1.7 Role of surveillance in improvement of water supplies = 15
• 2. Planning and implementation of surveillance = 17
• 2.1 Legal and institutional basis = 17
• 2.1.1 Laws, regulations, and standards = 17
• 2.1.2 Institutional framework for water-quality surveillance = 18
• 2.2 Planning = 20
• 2.2.1 General considerations = 20
• 2.2.2 Strategies = 22
• 2.3 Implementation = 23
• 2.3.1 Inventories = 23
• 2.3.2 Designing forms = 26
• 2.3.3 Training = 28
• 2.3.4 Preliminary surveys = 30
• 2.3.5 Undertaking fieldwork = 31
• 2.3.6 Establishing routine surveillance = 31
• 2.3.7 Evaluation = 31
• 2.4 Information management = 31
• 2.4.1 Flow and use of information = 31
• 2.4.2 Information exchange with suppliers = 32
• 2.4.3 Information exchange within the surveillance agency = 34
• 2.4.4 Information exchange with consumers = 35
• 2.4.5 Communication with local and national government = 36
• 2.4.6 Communication linkage between surveillance and remedial action = 36
• 2.4.7 Use of computers = 37
• 2.5 Support structure = 38
• 2.5.1 Laboratory network = 38
• 2.5.2 Transport = 39
• 2.5.3 Financial support = 39
• 2.5.4 Staffing = 41
• 3. Surveys = 42
• 3.1 Nature and scope of community surveys = 42
• 3.2 Sanitary inspections = 44
• 3.3 Sanitary inspection reports = 44
• 3.3.1 Functions of sanitary inspection report forms = 45
• 3.3.2 Design of sanitary inspection report forms = 46
• 3.4 Carrying out sanitary inspections = 47
• 3.5 Timing and frequency of sanitary inspections = 48
• 3.5.1 New sources = 48
• 3.5.2 Routine surveys of existing supplies = 48
• 4. Water sampling and analysis = 51
• 4.1 Sampling = 52
• 4.1.1 Location of sampling points = 52
• 4.1.2 Sampling frequency = 53
• 4.1.3 Sampling methods for microbiological analysis = 53
• 4.1.4 Storage of samples for microbiological analysis = 53
• 4.1.5 Sampling methods for physicochemical analysis = 56
• 4.2 Bacteriological analysis = 56
• 4.2.1 Indicator organisms = 58
• 4.2.2 Principal analytical techniques = 60
• 4.2.3 Choice of methods = 63
• 4.2.4 Minimizing the cost of analysis = 63
• 4.2.5 Laboratory-based versus on-site testing = 65
• 4.2.6 Single-application (disposable) test kits = 66
• 4.3 Physicochemical analysis = 67
• 4.3.1 Chlorine residual = 67
• 4.3.2 pH = 67
• 4.3.3 Turbidity = 68
• 4.4 Aesthetic parameters = 68
• 4.4.1 Colour = 68
• 4.4.2 Taste and odour = 69
• 4.5 Other analyses of relevance to health = 69
• 4.6 Analytical quality assurance and quality control = 70
• 4.7 Safety = 72
• 5. Data analysis and interpretation = 73
• 5.1 Introduction = 73
• 5.2 Results of community surveys = 73
• 5.2.1 Evaluation of water-supply systems = 73
• 5.2.2 Hygiene practices = 76
• 5.3 Assessment of the sanitary situation = 76
• 5.4 Microbiological water quality = 77
• 5.5 Risk assessment = 78
• 5.6 Presentation of information = 80
• 5.6.1 Target audiences = 80
• 5.6.2 Simple data presentation = 81
• 5.7 Use of surveillance findings = 82
• 5.7.1 Use of data at local level = 82
• 5.7.2 Regional use of data = 82
• 5.7.3 Use of data for national planning = 83
• 6. Technical interventions = 84
• 6.1 Prevention and remedial measures = 84
• 6.2 Protecting water sources = 85
• 6.2.1 Catchment protection = 85
• 6.2.2 Groundwater protection = 89
• 6.3 Wells = 92
• 6.3.1 Dug wells = 92
• 6.3.2 Hand-pumped and mechanically pumped wells = 94
• 6.4 Springs = 96
• 6.5 Rainwater catchment = 99
• 6.6 Water treatment = 100
• 6.6.1 Abstraction = 100
• 6.6.2 Preliminary treatment by storage = 102
• 6.6.3 Plain sedimentation = 102
• 6.6.4 Prefiltration = 104
• 6.6.5 Slow sand filtration = 105
• 6.6.6 Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation = 107
• 6.6.7 Rapid sand filtration = 110
• 6.6.8 Aeration = 111
• 6.6.9 Fluoride removal = 113
• 6.6.10 Control of nitrites and nitrates = 113
• 6.6.11 Disinfection = 114
• 6.6.12 Water-treatment plants = 115
• 6.7 Household water treatment and storage = 116
• 6.7.1 Household water treatment = 119
• 6.7.2 Household water storage = 125
• 6.7.3 Storage tanks = 127
• 7. Hygiene education = 129
• 7.1 Scope of hygiene education = 129
• 7.1.1 Community-based surveillance = 129
• 7.1.2 Hygiene behaviours = 129
• 7.2 Planning hygiene education = 131
• 7.2.1 Community participation and empowerment = 131
• 7.2.2 Selection of behaviours to be chanced = 132
• 7.2.3 Factors influencing hygiene behaviour and selection of content of education = 133
• 7.2.4 Selection of target groups = 133
• 7.2.5 Information needs for hygiene education = 134
• 7.3 Educational methods = 134
• 7.4 Human resources for hygiene education = 136
• 7.5 Role of the surveillance agency in hygiene education = 138
• 7.6 Funding hygiene education activities = 139
• 8. Legislative, regulatory, policy, and basic management aspects = 141
• 8.1 Application of water-supply legislation = 141
• 8.1.1 Short- and medium-term targets = 141
• 8.1.2 Compliance : the role of the water-supply agency and the surveillance agency = 142
• 8.1.3 Surveillance requirements = 143
• 8.1.4 Sampling frequencies and parameters = 144
• 8.1.5 Prescribed analytical methods = 144
• 8.2 Technical regulations : construction, operation, and plumbing codes of practice = 144
• Selected further reading = 145
• Annex 1. List of contributors and reviewers = 147
• Annex 2. Examples of sanitary inspection forms = 150
• Annex 3. Examples of possible responsibilities of surveillance staff = 178
• Annex 4. Sampling methods for bacteriological testing = 182
• Annex 5. Multiple-tube method for thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms = 189
• Annex 6. Membrane filtration method for thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms = 212
• Annex 7. Field test method for thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms = 219
• Annex 8. Presence-absence test for total coliform bacteria = 224
• Annex 9. Residual free chlorine test = 226
• Annex 10. Turbidity and pH = 231
• Annex 11. Examples of regional and national monitoring report forms for water supplies and for coverage with basic sanitary facilities = 234