Thermodynamics of polymer solutions : phase equilibria and critical phenomena

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1. INTRODUCTION = 1
• 2. QUASI-BINARY SOLUTIONS OF POLYDISPERSE POLYMERS AND A SINGLE SOLVENT = 10
• 2.1. GIBBS' FREE ENERGY OF MIXING ΔG = 10
• 2.2. CHEMICAL POTENTIALS Δμ$$_0$$ AND Δμ$$_{Xi}$$ = 12
• 2.3. TWO-PHASE SEPARATION CHARACTERISTICS = 18
• 2.4. FRACTIONATION BASED ON SOLUBILITY DIFFERENCES = 58
• 2.4.1. Preparative fractionation = 58
• 2.4.2. Refractionation = 74
• 2.4.3. Reverse-order fractionation = 79
• 2.4.4. Spencer's method = 87
• 2.4.5. Analytical treatment of fractionation data = 94
• 2.5. SPINODAL CURVE AND CRITICAL SOLUTION POINT = 106
• 2.5.1. Theoretical background = 106
• 2.5.2. Experimental data on critical solution points for some polymer ／ solvent systems = 111
• 2.5.3. Stability conditions of critical solution point = 125
• 2.6. CLOUD POINT CURVE = 150
• 2.7. FLORY TEMPERATURE AND FLORY ENTROPY PARAMETER = 179
• 2.7.1. Theoretical background = 179
• 2.7.2. Polystyrene = 190
• 2.7.3. Polyethylene = 196
• 2.7.4. Cellulose acetate = 199
• 2.7.5. Dissolved state of atactic polystyrene in aromatic solvents = 200
• 2.8. FLORY ENTHALPY PARAMETER = 214
• 2.9. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF PHASE DIAGRAM ON POLYMER SOLUTIONS = 226
• 3. QUASI-TERNARY SOLUTION CONSISTING OF MULTICOMPONENT POLYMER DISSOLVED IN BINARY SOLVENT MIXTURE = 234
• 3.1. CHEMICAL POTENTIAL = 234
• 3.2. TWO-PHASE SEPARATION CHARACTERISTICS = 240
• 3.2.1. Theoretical background = 240
• 3.2.2. Suitable choice of solvent 1 and solvent 2 = 248
• 3.2.3. Role of initial concentration and relative amount of polymers partitioned in two phases = 256
• 3.2.4. Coexistence curve = 275
• 3.2.5. Effects of average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the original polymer = 279
• 3.3. SPINODAL CURVE AND CRITICAL SOLUTION POINT = 288
• 3.4. FLORY SOLVENT COMPOSITION = 299
• 3.5. COSOLVENCY = 303
• 3.5.1. Cosolvency = 303
• 3.5.2. Cononsolvency = 308
• 3.6. FRACTIONATION BASED ON SOLUBILITY DIFFERENCES = 309
• 3.6.1. Introduction = 309
• 3.6.2. The molecular weight distribution of SPF and SSF fraction = 313
• 3.6.3. Choice of solvent and nonsolvent = 313
• 3.6.4. Role of operating conditions = 322
• 3.6.5. Analytical fractionation = 330
• 3.6.6. Experimental examples of molecular weight fractionation using quasi-ternary solutions = 333
• 4. QUASI-BINARY SOLUTION CONSISTING OF MULTICOMPONENT POLYMER 1 AND MULTICOMPONENT POLYMER 2 SYSTEM = 343
• 4 .1. INTRODUCTION = 343
• 4.2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CRITICAL SOLUTION POINT AND SPINODAL CURVE = 346
• 4.3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CLOUD POINT CURVE = 363
• 4.4. EFFECT OF POLYMER CHARACTERISTICS ON TWO-PHASE EQUILIBRIUM OF MULTICOMPONENT POLYMER 1 AND MULTICOMPONENT POLYMER 2 = 373
• 4.4.1. Spinodal curve and critical solution point = 373
• 4.4.2. Cloud point curve = 390
• 4.5. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF POLYMER-POLYMER INTERACTION PARAMETER χ$$_{12}$$ = 398
• 5. QUASI-TERNARY SOLUTION CONSISTING OF MULTICOMPONENT POLYMER 1, MULTICOMPONENT POLYMER 2 AND SINGLE SOLVENT SYSTEM = 414
• 5.1. INTRODUCTION = 414
• 5.2. SPINODAL CURVE AND CRITICAL SOLUTION POINT = 416
• 5.3. EFFECTS OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF POLYMERS AND THREE χ PARAMETERS ON THE SPINODAL CURVE AND CRITICAL SOLUTION POINT = 431
• 6. APPLICATION OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA : FORMATION OF POROUS POLYMERIC MEMBRANE BY PHASE SEPARATION METHOD = 442
• 6.1. INTRODUCTION = 442
• 6.2. NUCLEATION AND GROWTH OF PARTICLES = 455
• 6.2.1. Nucleation = 455
• 6.2.2. Growth of nucleus to primary particle = 468
• 6.3. GROWTH OF PRIMARY PARTICLES BY AMALGAMATION TO GIVE SECONDARY PARTICLES = 481
• 6.3.1. Particle simulation approach = 481
• 6.3.2. Reaction kinetics approach by the deterministic method = 490
• 6.3.3. Experimental observation of particle growth = 493
• 6.4. FORMATION OF PORES BY CONTACTING THE SECONDARY PARTICLES = 506
• 6.4.1. Lattice theory = 506
• 6.4.2. Theoretical predictions of the correlation between the casting conditions and the pore characteristics of membranes = 527
• 6.4.3. Computer simulation experiments = 533
• 6.4.4. Probabilities of finding through, semi-open and isolated pores in membranes = 548
• 6.5. CRITICAL POINTS OF CASTING SOLUTION／NONSOLVENT SYSTEM AND PORE SHAPE OF MEMBRANES CAST FROM THE SOLUTION = 563
• 6.5.1. Cellulose cuprammonium／acetone aq. solution = 563
• 6.5.2. Poly(acrylonitrile／methylacrylate)copolymer／aq. nitric acid solution = 581
• 6.6. EXPERIMENTAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOLVENT-CASTING CONDITIONS AND PORE CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBRANES = 592
• 6.7. FORMATION OF MULTI - LAYERED STRUCTURE OF MEMBRANES = 598
• 6.8. SOME OF THE PERFORMANCES OF MULTI-LAYERED MEMBRANES = 604
• 6.8.1. Complete exclusion of disease viruses in human blood by membrane filtration = 604
• 6.8.2. Fine separation of blood components and exclusion of contaminants from blood = 608
• 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS = 619
• CLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS = 621
• AUTHOR INDEX = 636
• SUBJECT INDEX = 645