Approaches to ethics : representative selections from classical times to the present

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = ⅴ
• SYLLABI = ⅸ
• I. The History of Ethical Theory = ⅸ
• II. Main Types of Ethical Theory = ⅸ
• III. Problems of Ethics = xii
• IV. Polarities in Ethical Theory = xvi
• V. Ways of Life = xix
• INTRODUCTION
• Part I The Classical Period
• Introduction = 17
• PLATO = 25
• THE REPUBLIC = 25
• Glaucon on 7u5tice = 26
• Definition of the Four Virtues = 30
• Can the Ideal State Exist? = 38
• The Divided Line = 39
• The Myth of the Cave = 41
• PHILEBUS = 43
• Pleasure and Wisdom = 43
• ARISTOTLE = 54
• NICOMACHEAN ETHICS = 54
• The Good for Man = 54
• Moral Virtue = 61
• Voluntary Action and Responsibility = 68
• Intellectual Virtue = 72
• Pleasure and Happiness = 75
• EPICURUS = 82
• LETTER TO HERODOTUS = 82
• LETTER TO MENOECEUS = 85
• PRINCIPAL DOCTRINES = 87
• EPICTETUS : THE ENCHEIRIDION = 91
• PLOTINUS = 103
• THE ENNEADS = 103
• On Virtue = 103
• On True Happiness = 104
• Happiness and Extension of Time = 105
• Beauty = 106
• On the Nature and Source of Evil = 110
• Providence = 112
• Part 2 The Middle Ages
• Introduction = 115
• ST. JEROME = 119
• SCOLDING A MONK FOR HAVING ABANDONED, THE DESERT = 119
• BOETHIUS = 119
• THE CONSOLATION OF PHILOSOPHY = 119
• ST. AUGUSTINE = 124
• THE ENCHIRIDION = 124
• The Problem of Evil = 124
• THE CITY OF GOD = 127
• Whether Positive Evil Exists = 127
• The Evil Will Has No Efficient Cause = 128
• Providence, Foreknowledge, and Free Will = 130
• Foreknowledge nd the Fall of Man Peace ; Mn, End = 134
• Pace:Man's End = 137
• ST. ANSELM = 140
• MONOLOGIUM = 140
• On the Being of God = 140
• CUR DEUS HOMO = 142
• Sin and Satisfaction far Sin = 142
• ST. BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX = 146
• THE STEPS OF HUMILITY = 146
• ST. THOMAS. AQUINAS = 153
• SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES = 153
• Prologue = 153
• Good and Evil = 153
• Felicity = 159
• Providence and Free Will = 162
• SUMMA THEOLOGICA = 162
• Treatise on Hbits = 165
• Treatise on Law = 173
• MEISTER ECKHART = 178
• THE TALKS OF INSTRUCTION = 178
• ABOUT DISINTGREST = 180
• WILLIAM OF OCKHAM = 184
• THE NATURE OF THE WILL = 184
• The Causality of Ithe Will = 184
• Whether Only an Act Of Will Is Necessarily Virtuous or Vicious? = 187
• Part 3 The Early Modern Period
• Introduction = 191
• NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI = 197
• APHORISMS ON THE NATURE OF MAN = 197
• THE PRINCE = 198
• THE DISCOURSES = 200
• MARTIN LUTHER = 204
• THE BONDAGE OF THE WILL = 204
• SECULAR AUTHORITY: TO WHAT EXTENT IT SHOULD BE OBEYED = 206
• THE FREEDOM OF A CHRISTIAN = 207
• THOMAS HOBBES = 210
• LEVIATHAN = 210
• Of Voluntary Motions = 210
• Of the Intellectual Virtues = 213
• Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honor, and Worthiness = 214
• Of the Difference of Manners = 215
• Of Religion = 217
• Of the Natural Condition of Mankind = 219
• Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts = 221
• Of Other Laws of Nature = 223
• BENEDICT SPINOZA = 226
• ETHICS = 226
• Of God = 226
• Of the Origin and Nature of the Emotions = 232
• Of Human Bondage = 237
• Of the Power of the Intellect ; or of Human Freedom = 242
• JOSEPH BUTLER = 246
• A DISSERTATION UPON THE NATURE OF VIRTUE = 246
• SERMONS = 251
• Critique of Psychological Egoism = 251
• Compatibility of Self-love and Benevolence = 253
• DAVID HUME = 259
• TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE = 259
• Of Virtue and Vice in General = 259
• Of the Other Virtues and Vices = 266
• AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS = 275
• Of Justice = 275
• IMMANUEL KANT = 280
• LECTURES ON ETHICS = 280
• Universal Practical Philosophy = 280
• Proem = 280
• The Ethical Systems of the Ancients = 282
• The General Principle of Morality = 284
• The Supreme Principle of Morality = 287
• Reward and Punishment = 290
• Ethics = 291
• Duties to Oneself = 291
• Duties towards Others = 294
• The Ultimate Destiny of the Human Race = 295
• CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL REASON = 296
• Analytic of Pure Practical Reason = 296
• The Principles of Pure Practical Reason = 296
• The Concept of an Object of Pure Practical Reason = 299
• The Incentives of Pure Practical Reason = 301
• Part 4 The Nineteenth Century
• Introduction = 303
• JEREMY BENTHAM = 307
• AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS AND LEGISLATION = 307
• Of the Principle of Utility = 307
• Of Principles Adverse to That of Utility = 310
• Of the Four Sanctions or Sources of Pain and Pleasure = 314
• Value of a Lot of Pleasure or Pain, How to Be Measured = 316
• Pleasures and Pains, Their Kinds = 317
• Of Human Actions in General = 318
• Of Intentionality = 319
• Of Motives = 322
• GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL = 326
• EARLY THEOLOGICAL WRITINGS = 327
• How a Moral or Religious Society Grows into a State = 327
• The Form Morality Must Acquire in a Church = 328
• The Moral Teaching of Jesus = 330
• ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER = 336
• THE WORLD AS WILL AND IDEA = 336
• The Denial of the Will to Live = 336
• Freedom of the Will = 337
• All Satisfaction is Merely Negative = 340
• The Meaning of Good and Bad = 341
• Justice = 343
• Asceticism = 344
• JOHN STUART MILL = 347
• UTILITARIANISM = 347
• What Utilitarianism Is = 347
• Of the Ultimate Sanction of the Principle of Utility = 354
• Of What Sort of Proof and Principle of Utility Is Susceptible = 356
• SOREN KIERKEGAARD = 361
• THE JOURNALS: WHAT I AM TO DO = 361
• EITHER / OR = 362
• The Unhappiest Man = 362
• Equilibrium between the Aesthetical and the Ethical in the Composition of Personality = 365
• THE SICKNESS UNTO DEATH = 370
• The Universality of This Sickness (Despair) = 370
• The Forms of This Sickness, i.e., of Despair = 371
• CONCLUDING UNSCIENTIFIC POSTSCRIPT = 373
• The Task of Becoming Subjective = 373
• FEAR AND TREMBLING = 376
• Is There Such a Thing as a Teleological Suspension of the Ethical? = 376
• KARL MARX = 379
• CRITIQUE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY = 379
• ALIENATED LABOUR = 380
• PRIVATE PROPERTY AND COMMUNISM = 386
• HENRY SIDGWICK = 389
• THE METHODS OF ETHICS = 390
• Philosophical Intuitionism. Axioms of Prudence, Justice, and Benevolence = 390
• Ultimate Good = 395
• Can We Reconcile Egoistic and Universalistic Hedonism? = 398
• FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE = 402
• SOUNDING OUT IDOLS = 402
• Preface = 402
• Maxims and Arrows = 403
• The Genealogy of Morals = 404
• Morality as Anti-nature = 407
• The Error of Free Will = 409
• The "Improvers" of Mankind = 410
• Revaluation of All Values: The Antichrist = 411
• The Hammer Speaks = 416
• FRANCIS HERBERT BRADLEY = 417
• ETHICAL STUDIES = 418
• Self-reali7ation as the Ethical End = 418
• The Will as the Ethical End = 423
• My Station and Its Duties = 425
• Concluding Remarks = 431
• Part 5 The Twentieth Century
• Introduction = 435
• SIGMUND FREUD = 439
• CIVILIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS = 439
• The Pleasure Principle = 439
• Aggression, Guilt, and Conscience = 444
• The Cultural Super-ego = 448
• JOHN DEWEY = 451
• RECONSTRUCTION IN PHILOSOPHY : Reconstruction in Moral Conceptions = 451
• THE QUEST FOR CERTAINTY : The Construction of Good = 456
• THEORY OF VALUATION = 462
• The Continuum of Ends-means = 462
• RECONSTRUCTION IN PHILOSOPHY = 467
• Education and Morality = 467
• H. A. PRICHARD = 469
• DOES MORAL PHILOSOPHY REST ON A MISTAKE? = 469
• G. E. MOORE = 481
• PRINCIPIA ETHICA = 481
• Can Good Be Defined? = 481
• Definition of Natural Property = 490
• RALPH BARTON PERRY = 492
• GENERAL THEORY OF VALUE = 492
• Value as Any Object of Any Interest = 492
• Reply to the Charge of Relativism = 495
• REALMS OF VALUE = 498
• The Meaning of Morality = 498
• PAUL TILLICH = 505
• SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY = 505
• Existence and Existentialism = 505
• THE COURAGE TO BE = 508
• Absolute Faith and the Courage to Be = 508
• Moralisms and Morality: Theonomous Ethics = 511
• MORALITY AND BEYOND = 517
• The Religious Dimension of the Moral Imperative = 517
• JEAN-PAUL SARTRE = 521
• EXISTENTIALISM 1S A HUMANISM = 521
• BEING AND NOTHINGNESS = 526
• Bad Faith and Falsehood = 526
• Patterns of Bad Faith = 528
• Freedom and Responsibility = 534
• Ethical Implications = 536
• ALFRED JULES AYER = 538
• LANGUAGE, TRUTH, AND LOGIC = 538
• The Verifiability Criterion of Meaning = 538
• Critique of Ethics = 541
• CHARLES LESLIE STEVENSON = 548
• ETHICS AND LANGUAGE = 548
• Ethical Disagreement = 548
• Working Models = 550
• Can Ethical Disputes Be Settled by Reason? = 553
• Part 6 Recent Developmetits
• Introduction = 561
• J. 0. URMSON = 563
• ON GRADING = 563
• R. M. HARE = 581
• THE LANGUAGE OF MORALS = 581
• Prescriptive Language = 581
• Imperatives and Logic = 582
• "Ought" and Imperatives = 586
• RODERICK FIRTH = 595
• ETHICAL ABSOLUTISM AND THE IDEAL OBSERVER = 595
• JOHN RAWLS = 609
• TWO CONCEPTS OF RULES = 609
• J. J. C. SMART = 625
• EXTREME AND RESTRICTED UTILITARIANISM = 625
• MARCUS G. SINGER = 634
• GENERALIZATION IN ETHICS = 634
• Introductory = 634
• The Generalization Principle = 635
• Moral Judgments, Moral Reasons, and Generality = 638
• JOHN R. SEARLE : HOW TO DERIVE "OUGHT" FROM "IS" = 643
• J. L. AUSTIN = 653
• THREE WAYS OF SPILLING INK = 653
• INDEX = 663